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Importance : The importance of planning is 

explained as follows:

(1) Helps to set clear objectives : Planning is the process of setting objectives, targets and formulating plans to achieve these objectives. With the help of proper planning, management can analyse the present condition of the organisation and can identify the ways of attaining the desired position in future.

(2) Provides path of action : Planning ensures that the goals or objectives are clearly set. It acts as a guide and provides direction for doing the right things at the right time and in a right way. It helps the employees to understand the organisational goals and what they must do to achieve the same.

(3) Planning improves performance : It helps manager to improve future performances of employees by setting clear objectives and selecting a right course of action. It leads to efficiency in working of the employees. Due to proper planning the employees can work according to guidelines which helps them to improve performance. This results into higher profitability of the organisation.

(4) Minimizes the risk : Planning is the process of looking into the future and anticipating the future changes. By deciding in advance the task to be performed, planning helps to deal with future changes and unforeseen events. Planning helps in anticipation of risk and decide preventive measures accordingly. Though changes or risks cannot be eliminated but proper planning minimizes them.

(5) Planning leads to optimum utilization of resources : Plans are made on the basis of availability of resources with proper allocation for various activities. Proper allocation of resources brings higher efficiency and desired results with minimum wastages.

i. Writing

ii. Co-ordinating.

Centre for Development of Advanced Computing.

Memory is the place for storing data obtained from the input and also the generated solution or answer by the computer.

Indian Script Code for Information Interchange.

Correct option is (D) not cash flow

Co-ordination is a process through which activities of various departments and units are synchronised for the achievement of organisational goals. 

The following points highlight the nature of coordination: 

i. Group activity - Coordination is said to be a group activity, as it integrates the efforts of various individuals for the achievement of common objectives. In other words, it unifies the collective efforts of the employees for the achievement of the set targets or goals. 

ii. Binding force - The main purpose of coordination is to unify the actions of the individuals working in an organisation. It acts as a force that binds various functions of management. It ensures that people of the organisation work together towards achieving organisational goals. 

iii. Continuous process - Coordination is a continuous process. It creates a channel between the functions of management. Coordination starts right from the planning stage and continues till the controlling stage. It ensures that the work is executed according to the set plans. 

iv. All-pervasive function - Coordination is a pervasive function, as it is performed at all levels of management. It is practised by managers of all departments to ensure unity of action. 

v. Responsibility of all managers - It is the responsibility of every manager of an organisation to coordinate organisational activities. The top-level managers work in coordination to ensure overall welfare of the organisation. The middle-level managers practise it to ensure coordination between the top and lower levels. The operational level managers work in coordination to ensure that the work is accomplished as per the set plan. 

vi. Deliberate action - Managers practise coordination deliberately to give direction to the efforts of people working in any organisation.

i. False

ii. True

iii. True

iv. False

v. True

vi. False

I observe the following in our area. 

1. An estimated 85 to 90 percent of domestic violence victims are females. 

2. Females are victims of intimate partner violence at a rate about five times that of males. 

3. Females between the ages of 16 and 24 are most vulnerable to domestic violence.

To control this domestic violence – 

1. Proper counselling should be given to them. 

2. Value oriented education should be taught to the children. 

3. The nature of thinking from others’ point of view’ should be developed from childhood.

We should take the following steps to stop such violence to girls and women. 

1. Value oriented education should be given to the children in schools. 

2. The persons, who caused violence, should be punished.

Correct option is: (b) internal

Women in India Women in Independent India are comparitively in a respectable position. Some of the problems which had been haunting the community of women for centuries are not found now. But still, for a woman, her life is a battle for survival and dignity from her birth to death. Female infanticide, eve-teasing, sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, rapes are still common. There are still many areas where women have not equal rights and are not encouraged to take up education. Dowry practice is still rampant, even though it termed illegal. Women still have to make a lot of sacrifices in every areas of their lives.

(1) Co-ordination is an integration of different activities which is essential for their smooth flow. It establishes harmony among all the activities of an organisation in achieving desired goals. Co-ordination will not exist unless efforts are taken at all levels of management.

(2) Co-ordination is the synchronization of the efforts of a group so as to provide unity of action for organisational goals. It is a hidden force which binds all other functions at all levels of management.

(3) In an organisation, a number of persons are working together to achieve a common goal. Their work is closely linked with each other. Co-ordination function brings all the group efforts together and harmonise them carefully.

(4) Co-ordination is orderly arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of action to achieve common goals. Co-operation, team work and higher efficiency level lead to attainment of goals and thus, it is the essence of organisational success.

(d) both a and c

(d) both a and c

Answer is (C) Physical

The level of the sea keeps changing. So the level of the sea is carefully 

measured at frequent intervals and the mean level of the sea is calculated. A tidal gauge is used to measure the rising and falling of the sea.

(C) both A & B

(a) No, Shree doesn’t do her homework.

(b) Shree starts the computer, goes online and waits for her new friend to ping her.

(c) Shree gets a message from Chaitra.

(d) The message was “Hello Friend. How are you today?”

Answer is (A) Maps

(D) both A & B

(B) Post Office

It is a representation of the Earth’s surface or its part on a flat surface according to scale. Maps are useful for various purposes. A map shows a large area on a small scale.

1. It gives much information as a book. 

2. Maps can be made for different purposes. 

3 A collection of these maps can give detailed information.

Answer is (A) Antarctica

a) From North East to South West.

b) Zero; Twenty.

c) Their heights are 21 to 30 meters; 41 to 50 meters.

(B) Graveyard

Answer is (A) Tank

Answer is (B) River

Answer is (A) Borewell

(B) Tamilnadu

(C) Chandigarh

India is very big country. It has many different regions. Different varieties of people live here and speak different languages. So for a new nation like India it was necessary to give proper attention to the intricacies of different languages. 

Hindustani: Hindustani was a choice for the Congress and Mahatma Gandhi. Congress had already decided to adopt Hindustani as the national language of the country. Mahatma Gandhi was also in favour of adopting Hindustani as the national language and supported strongly for this view. He argued that everyone should speak in a language which is understood by most of the common people. Hindustani was not a new language. It was a blend of Hindi and Urdu. It was enriched by the interaction of diverse cultures and spoken by most of the people of the country. Hindi: R.V. Dhulekar pleaded in favour of Hindi for adopting it as the national language. He came from the United Province and a Congressman. He wanted that Hindi should be used as language of constitution-making . He even said that those who did not know Hindustani were not worthy to be the members of the Constituent Assembly. 

Report of the Language Committee: The language Committee of the Constituent Assembly suggested a compromise formula in its report. It suggested that Hindi in Devnagri script should be the official language of the country and tried to resolve the issue. It also suggested that transition from English to Hindi should be gradual. It was also suggested that during first fifteen years since adoption of the Constitution, English would continue to serve as for official purposes. So it was clear that the Language Committee referred Hindi as the official language not the national language. 

Threat to South: The members of the Constituent Assembly who belonged to the Southern India were apprehensive of the view. They felt that Hindi would be a threat to their provincial languages. Shankar Rao from Bombay . T.A. Ramalingam Chettiar and Mrs. G. Durgabai of Madras suggested that issue of language required utmost care and needed to be handled efficiently and dextrally. Hindi should not be thrust upon the people of South India.

It was felt that oppressed classes like tribals and untouchables required special attention and safeguards to enable them to raise their status and come to the level of the general population. Tribals were regarded backward. They were not accepted well in society. They were almost rejected. For their upliftment they were required to be assimilated in the society. They were also required to be brought into the mainstream of the society. So special protection and care were offered to them. 

In society untouchables were treated as labourers. Society used their services but did not give them respectable position. They were treated as outcast and kept isolated. Their sufferings were due to their systematic marginalization. 

Lands of the tribals have been confiscated and had been deprived of their forests and pastures. Tribals and untouchables had no access to education. They did not take part in administration. So some legislations were required to improve their conditions.

On 15 of August 1947, India became independent from the British rule. It was declared an independent country. But this independence was painful also. India was divided and Pakistan came into existence. This partition was marred with communal violence. So many leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Ambedkar favoured a strong Central Government for India. For their view they referred riots and violence that were ripping the nation apart. 

It was also felt that a strong centre was the need of the hour. Most of the members of the constituent Assembly also supported this view. Any deviation from this might jeopardize the interests of the nation. Peace, prosperity and political stability was not possible in case of a weak centre. It would fail to coordinate vital matters of common concern. 

So Gopalaswami Ayyangar appealed to all the members of the Constituent Assembly that” the Centre should be made as strong as possible.” 

It was also felt that only a strong and united centre could plan for the well-being of the country. Balakrishna Sharma also stated the similar view. It was also felt that it would mobilize all the resources , ensure strong defence against any aggressor and establish a proper administration. 

Almost all the members of the Constituent Assembly supported a strong central government. They felt that it was necessary to check chaos, communal violence and to usher economic development of the country.

Following are some historical forces which shaped the vision of the Constitution. Certain basic values were accepted by all national leaders as a result of the Nehru Report and the Fundamental Rights Resolution passed the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress.Universal Adult Franchise, Right to Freedom and Equality and Protection of minority rights were these basic values.After the results of 1937 elections, the Congress and other political parties were able to form the governments in the provinces. This experience with legislative and political institutions helped in developing an agreement over institutional design.Many colonial laws were also the sources of the Indian Constitution. Government of India Act, 1935 was a major one. This wray, the Indian Constitution adopted many institutional details and procedures from the colonial laws. 

The French Revolution also inspired the makers of the Constitution.The working of the Parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the USA also inspired the framers of the Constitution.

K.Santharam, a member from the Madras defended the rights of the states in the Constituent Assembly. He emphasised the need to strengthen the states.He was not in favour of vesting more powers with the Centre. He was of the opinion the Centre would not be able to perform its duties efficiently in case it is over-burdened. The Centre will become automatically strong if all states are made stronger. 

He advocated that the Centre should be given less powers and states should be given more powers.Proposed allocation of powers between the Centre and States was also a matter of concern for K. Santharam. He felt that such a distribution of power would cripple the states.

a. Chandigarh.

b. Rajasthan, Gujarath, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir.

c. Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, West Bengal.

d. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Telangana Chattisgarh, and Odisha.

i) North.

ii) South

iii) East

iv) West 

a. North: Telangana, Chattisgarh 

West: Karnataka 

South: Tamilnadu 

East: Bay of Bengal

b. 1. Jaipur: 1443 km. 

2. Imphal: 2854 km 

3. Tiruvananthapuram: 1315 km 

4. Dehradun: 1677 km 

5. Bengaluru: 562 km 

6. Bhubaneshwar: 1075 km 

7. Kolkata: 1516 km 

8. Chennai: 688 km 

9. Delhi: 1499 km

1.Because this will isolate the minorities from the rest of the community. 

2. Majorities will never convert to majority. 

3. He was against the divide loyalties.

There are three railway gauges – 

1. Broad Gauge- distance between two lines is – 1.676 mtr. 

2. Meter Gauge- distance between two lines is –1.00 mtr. 

3. Narrow Gauge -distance between two lines is –0.762 mtr.

Jawahar Lai Nehru presented the Objectives Resolution in the Constituent Assembly on 13 December, 1946 . It gave a brief account of the ideals and objectives of the Constitution. These are following: 

•India was declared an independent sovereign republic . 

•Justice, equality and fraternity were assured to all the citizens of India. 

•Adequate safeguards were provided to minorities. It also referred to the well-being of the backward and depressed classes. 

•It was made an objective that India would combine the liberal ideas of democracy with the socialist idea of economic justice. 

•India would adopt that form of government which would be acceptable to its people. No imposition from the British would be acceptable by the people of India. 

•India would work for peace and human welfare.

Answer is (A) earth

(A) Sea level

Answer is (A) (•) Dot

A) the contour lines will be quite far from each other.

A) Promotha Ranjan Thakur

Correct option is C) 26