Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Meaning of the Executive: 

The executive is the second most important organ of the government. Its main function is the implementation of the laws made by the legislature. The word ‘executive’, in general, includes political executives and the permanent executive. For example, the President, the Prime Minister, his council of ministers and those administrative officers who are related to the fulfillment of the state’s desire. Its narrow meaning is confined to its political executive. It makes policies, makes plans, and executes laws. In Britain, the King, the Prime Minister and his council of the ministers, and in India, the President, the Prime Minister and his council of ministers form the political executive.

Main Functions of The Executive: 

1. Political functions: 

The main political functions of the executive are: 

• Appointment of ambassadors to other countries 
• To send delegates to international conferences 
• Meeting the foreign ambassadors, managing the relations and political and economic agreements with other countries.

2. Administrative functions: 

The main function of the executive is the compliance of law and to maintain peace. Different departments of the administration comply with the laws related their department. The head of the department is a minister. The compliance of the law, in fact, is the duty of the bureaucracy, whose appointment is made by the state public service commission. 

3. Legislative functions: 

The executive in one way or the other is always associated with the legislature in making the laws. In Parliamentary democracies, the executive calls the session of the Parliament and decides present period of the session. The legislature grants the acceptability of the law. But to present a bill for passing it and to prevent a bill from becoming an act is the function of the executive. 

4. Functions related with Defense: 

The defense and safety of the country is the function of the executive. The executive performs the functions through the armed forces. In democratic countries, head of the state (the president) is the supreme commander of the armed forces. The principles regarding the composition and discipline of the armed forces are made by the executive. 

5. Judicial functions: 

The appointment of the judges of judiciary is made by the head of the executive (the president), although the consent of the parliament in essential. In some countries, the head of the executive has the right to reduce the punishment of a criminal. He can also grant pardon to criminal and can commute capital punishment. 

6. Economic functions: 

As per principle, the legislature grants all the income and expenditure, but in practice, this in the responsibility of the executive. In India and Britain, the executive presents the money-bills in the parliament and get them passed. In U.S.A. the budget is prepared under the direction and instruction of the President, but the Congress gets it passed. 

7. Other functions: 

1. Making plans for economic development 

2. To award degrees and titles to famous personalities of the country 

3. To grant citizenship to the citizens of foreign countries 

4. To grant economic aid for special services 

5. To make available opportunities of education and public health 

6. To promote industries in public sector.

In India, the executive includes the President, the Prime Minster and his Council of Ministers.

The Constitution ensures the following rights to equality to its citizens. 

1. Equal protection of law - The laws apply to all in the same manner, regardless of a person’s income, status, background, etc. 

2. Social Equality – The state condemns any sort of discriminations of human beings. 

3. Equality of opportunity – The constitution guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens regarding education or employment. 

4. Abolition of untouchability. 

5. Abolition of titles – In order to remove inequalities “Titles” of any sort are abolished.

There are so many associations in my area. Some of them are – 

1. Teachers Associations 

2. Workers Association 

3. Foremen’s Association 

4. Students’ Associations 

5. Auto – Rickshaw Association 

6. Trade Union Associations 

7. Rice Millers’ Associations 

8. Fishermen’s Associations, etc.

(c) Judiciary

(b)  Executive

Dowry: Property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage.

B) Duality in laws and dual Judiciary

(A) Offerings

When the head of the state is in name only, and someone else makes actual use of his powers, it is called nominal executive. In Parliamentary government, all the powers, according to the constitution, have been vested in the emperor or the President. But in England the administration is carried out in the name of the emperor, and in India, it is carried out in the name of the President.

In fact, neither the emperor in England nor the President in India has the freedom to use these powers. In India, the President uses these powers as per advice of the Prime Minister and his council of ministers. In reality, the powers of the executive are in the hands of the council of ministers under the leadership of the Prime Minster.

• Administrative function 
• Political function.

• To pass the budget of state 
• To impose taxes.

• Lok Sabha 
• Rajya Sabha.

The legislature is an important organ of the government. Besides making laws, it analyses the policies and the proposals of the government, it criticizes and approves them, it gives a practical shape to the public will. But today, the Legislature has grown weaker than the Executive due to its own organization. In the Parliamentary form of government, now a days, in calling the session of parliament, in conducting the session and dissolving the Parliament, in presenting the budget, and even writing the outline of the address to be made by head of the government, are all done under the directions and instruction of the council of ministers.

Most of the bills are presented by the executive and on the basis of majority they are passed by the will of the Executive. Under these circumstances, the real function of law-making is not done by the Legislature, but by the Executive. On account of healthy leadership and competent expertise, the Executive has left the Legislature far behind.

Three functions of the Executive: 

1. Duties regarding law: 

The executive ensures that the laws made by the legislature are complied with. It calls the session of the Parliament, conducts its inaugural session, and if needed, it also passes ordinances. 

2. Military functions: 

The President of the state is the supreme commander of the armed forces He has, in his hands, the highest command of the armed forces. The appointment of the armed forces officers is within his powers, and he alone can declare war or peace. 

3. Judicial functions: 

In every state (country), the executive performs certain judicial functions also. It plays a significant role in appointing the judges and in granting pardons. In India, the President appoints the judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He has the right to pardon a criminal.

1. Democratic systems preserve equal grounds for all. 

2. Democracies work on the principle of equality which is also known as “rule of law”. 

3. If the fundamental “Right to equality” was not in the Constitution, the very essence of democracy would be lost.

The following are the main reasons for and against bicameral system of legislature (government) : 

(a) Arguments in favour of bicameral legislature: 

1. Checks on the autocratic tendency of the lower house. 

2. It is according to the spirit of democracy. 

3. The second house is helpful to the first house. 

4. Helpful in creating public opinion. 

5. Utilization of the experienced and efficient person’s ability, wisdom and services. 

6. It is a platform of the wise persons. 

7. According to the federal form of government. 

8. Helpful in creating public opinion. 

(b) Arguments against bicameral system: 

1. Undemocratic system. 

2. Problem of composition. 

3. Wastage of money. 

4. Possibility of dispute between the two houses. 

5. Unnecessary delaying institution. 

6. Against the federal form of government.

(d) All these

Composition of the legislature: 

The legislature is of two types from its composition point of view: 

• Unicameral legislature 
• Bicameral legislature.

1.Unicameral Legislature: 

There is only one house in a unicameral legislature. This is the house of representatives. In democratic states, the public directly elects the members of the house. They are elected on the principle of adult franchise. In some countries, the right to vote is granted to a person with specific qualifications. Where there is unicameral legislature, all the powers are confined in the house. In the whole world, in Portugal, China, Greece and in some states of India, there are unicameral legislatures. 

2. Bicameral Legislature: 

There are two houses in a bicameral legislature. The bicameral system of legislature started for the first time in Britain. In the modern times, it has become a constitutional need in countries such as USA, Switzerland, France, Canada, Japan, India, Russia, etc.

Reasons in favour of bicameral legislature: 

1. Check on the autocracy of the first house: 

Where there is unicameral house, all the powers of law-making are in the hands of this house. The second house checks the house from becoming autocratic. 

2. Check the laws passed in haste: 

To fulfill the promises made to the electorate, the members pass a law in haste thoughtlessly. The second house examines it and removes the faults of the law. 

3. The second house is in accordance with democratic traditions: 

If there is only unicameral legislature, the power is centralized in one house. If there is bicameral legislature, there is better representation of public. 

4. The second house is helpful to the first house: 

All the laws passed by the single house cannot receive as much attention of the members as should have been given to the passing of the law. In the second house, there are more able and qualified persons. So, the second house can help the first house to make better laws. 

5. Helpful in making public opinion: 

After a bill is passed by the first house, it takes time to get it passed by the second house. This gives enough time to the public representatives to ponder over the deficiencies and faults of the bill.

Reasons Against Bicameral Legislature: 

1. Undemocratic: In a democracy, the real power lies in the hands of the people who are the real sovereign in democracy. The first house represents the real will of the people, so there is no need of the second house. 

2. Delaying institution: A bill takes at least double the time in getting passed through two houses. The result is that beneficial and urgent bills are unnecessarily delayed. 

3. Problem in composing the second house: In different countries, the composition of the second house is based on different traditions and principles. In England, the second house is House of Lords, which is purely a dynastic representation. In India, the members of the second house are elected by indirect election, which often becomes the cause of corruption. 

4. Un – necessary for federal system of administration: Due to party discipline, the members of the second house only safeguard the interest of their own party. They had no regards for the public interest or that of the country. 

5. Un – necessary expenditure: A considerable amount of money is spent on the election of the members of the second house and its functioning. 

6. There is always a possibility of confrontation between the two houses: This becomes all the more possible when the government in the lower house is in majority, but is in hopeless minority in the upper house.i.e. Rajya Sabha.

Legislature performs function of law making.

A) He rules the nation

C) Torture (or) Abuse

The public elects the members of the lower house of the legislature.

In Switzerland.

The upper house of legislature in America is called Senate.

(a) Lok Sabha

Executive is that part of the government which brings into practice the laws made by the legislature.

‘Parliament’, (Legislature) is the focal point of democracy and is like an alert watchman of democracy and represents the public will. 

The following points explain its significance:

1. Legislature makes the laws according to the situation of the state and the needs of its citizens. It amends and rejects them. 

2. It directly controls the executive through different means. 

3. It has complete control over central economy. The executive cannot incur expenditure of any sort without its permission nor can it levy any tax on the public. 

4. It can hear the impeachment motion brought against the President, Vice President and justices and can remove them from their office. 

5. In some countries, legislature performs some electoral functions. For example, in India, election of the President, and the Vice-President. 

6. Legislatures can amend the constitution. 

7. It can make mutual relationship with other countries, can declare war or peace with other countries, can make agreements will other countries.

Thus, legislature is an important part of the government. Besides law – making, it analyses the policies and the proposals. It also accepts or rejects criticism against the government. It gives a practical shape to the expectations of the public.

The legislature which has two houses:

• The lower house which consists of the members directly elected by the people 
• The upper house which consists of indirectly elected representatives from various groups in the society of states

i) In first case Right to freedom of speech and expression is violated. Everyone has a right to express their opinion on the administration of govt. But some limitations are there.

ii) In the second case, Right against exploitation is violated. The Constitution says “no child below the age of 14 shall be employed engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Answer is (B) ii only

A) his ministers

India is a secular country, that word mention in the Preamble

Our President can do nothing contrary to the advice of the Council of Ministers nor can he do anything without their advice,

B) The real powers lie with the people who elect their representatives

The United States of America.

The legislature of the state (country).

• The 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots was a four-day period during which sikhs were massacred by members of the secular-centrist Congress party of India, some estimates that more than 2000 were killed. (Religious violation) 
• Dalits and indigeneous peoples continue to face discrimination, exclusion and acts of communal violence. 
• Narco analysis test (against to the Indian constitution), “nobody may be made a witness against himself, etc.

C) Right to education

There are six fundamental rights. 

They are : 

1. Right to equality 

2. Right to freedom 

3. Right to religious freedom 

4. Right against exploitation 

5. Right to education and culture 

6. Right to constitutional remedies.

Fundamental rights protect the liberties and freedom of the citizens against any invasion by the state, prevent the establishment of the authoritarian and dictatorial rule in the country. They are very essential for the all-round development of the individuals and the country.

D) ‘i’, ‘ii’ both are correct

The legislature has the power to amend the constitution.

A) Right to property

Fundamental Rights may be modified through the ) Parliament.

National Human Rights Commission was established in 1993.

National Commission for protection of child rights was formed in 2007

State Human Rights Commission Chairman is appointed by Governor

National Human Rights Commission Chairman is appointed by President

The tenure, of state Human Rights Commission Chairman is 5 years.

A mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable interior structure. Minerals are formed by a combination of elements, and the mining of some minerals is very profitable.