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The medium which moves men and materials from one place to another is called transport. Selling all the goods produced at or near the production places is not possible. Hence, goods are to be sent to different places where they are demanded.

Education policy unfavorable to the Vietnamese students:
(i) The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907 to provide a Western-style education. This education included classes in science, hygiene, and French.
(ii) The school encouraged the adoption of Western styles such as having a short haircut.
(iii) For the Vietnamese, this meant a major break with their own identity.
(iv) Teachers and students did not blindly follow the curriculum. Sometimes there was open opposition and at other times there was silent resistance.
(v) As the number of Vietnamese teachers increased in the lower classes, it became difficult to control wl-rat was actually taught.
(vi) School textbooks glorified the French and justified the colonial rule.
(vii) The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward capable of manual labor but not of intellectual reflection.

1. Marathas had a strong hold on the areas in and around Mumbai which was prime centre of British in western India. 

2. British tried to acquire nearby territories but the Marathas checked their expansion. 

3. It was only after the death of Peshwa Madhavrao, that they got entry in Maratha politics. Raghunathrao in his greed for Peshwaship sought their help. This led to the entry of the British in Maratha politics.

1. Lord Cornwallis introduced bureaucracy in India to strengthen the British rule in India. 

2. He restricted the private trade carried out by the company officers. For this reason, he increased the salary of the company officers.

Plantation industries : 

1. The plantation industry was the first to attract the Europeans. This provide jobs on large scale. 

2. In reality, it could meet the increasing demands for tea, coffee and indigo by the British Society. 

3. The Assam Tea Company was founded in 1839. 

4. Coffee plantation also started simultaneously. 

5. As the tea plantation was the most important industry of Eastern India, coffee plantation became the center of activities in South India.

6. The Third important plantation, which gave birth to factory was jute.

7. All these Industries were controlled by many former employees of the British East India Company.

The Craft in India has a rich history.

1. Micro Units: A unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is upto Rs. 25 lakhs in case of manufacturing and upto Rs. 10 lakhs in case of service enterprises.

2. Small Units: A manufacturing unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 25 lakhs but does not exceed Rs.5 crore. In case of service enterprises these limits are Rs. 10 lakhs and Rs. 2 crore respectively.

3. Medium Units: A manufacturing unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs. 10 crore. In case of service enterprises, these limits are Rs.2 crore and Rs.5 crore respectively.

4. Large Units: A manufacturing unit wherein, investment in plant and machinery exceeds Rs.10 crore. In case of a service unit investment in equipment exceeds Rs.5 crore.

(c) 20th Century

(b) Plantation Industries

(c) Both A and R is correct

All business activities can be classified into Two broad categories.

1. Economic Activity : Commerce is an economic activity because it consists of activities which are undertaken for earning profits. A trader buys goods with the aim of selling them at a profit.

2. Exchange of Goods and Services : Commerce involves exchange and distribution of goods and services. Goods may be purchased or produced for sale. Commerce comprises both trade and aids to trade.

3. Profit Motive : The motive of commercial activities is to earn profits. Any activity which does not have the aim of profit will not be a part of commerce.

Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia- Piedmont. 

His contribution to the unification of Italy was :

(i) He was a good administrator.

(ii) He worked for the unification of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour Sardinia-pied mont.

(iii) He led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.

(iv) He was a tactful diplomat. He succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

1. Raghunathrao in his greed for the seat of Peshwa sought help of the British which facilitated their entry into Maratha politics. 

2. Three wars were fought between Marathas and the British between 1774 to 1818. 

3. As the Marathas fought unitedly, the Britishers were defeated in the first AngloMaratha War in 1782. 

4. In 1802, Bajirao II entered into Subsidiary Alliance with the British known as the Treaty of Vasai. 

5. The second Anglo-Maratha War took place as some Maratha Sardars opposed this treaty. 6. Marathas were defeated in the second AngloMaratha War. 

7. The defeat of the Marathas led to the increase in interference of the British in the Maratha state. 

8. Bajirao II declared war against the British as he could not tolerate their interference.

9. He lost the war and surrendered to the British in 1818.

1. Craft 

2. 1948 

3. 1939 

4. Rishra 

5. Suez Canal

(d) Economic Liberalisation – 1980

Commerce refers to all those activities which are necessary for bringing goods from the place of production to the place of their consumption. Commerce includes not only trade but also services such as transport, warehousing, packaging, insurance, banking and sales promotion which are incidental or auxiliaries to trade.

(d) all of these

Correct option is (d) Satara

1. True 

2. True 

3. False 

4. True 

5. False

(b) ii and iv are correct

1. Economic Activity: Commerce is an economic activity because it consists of activities which are undertaken for earning profits. A trader buys goods with the aim of selling them at a profit.

2. Exchange of Goods and Services: Commerce involves exchange and distribution of goods and services. Goods may be purchased or produced for sale. Commerce comprises both trade and aids to trade.

3. Profit Motive: The motive of commercial activities is to earn profits. Any activity which does not have the aim of profit will not be a part of commerce.

4. Regularity of Transaction: An isolated transaction does not imply commerce. 

5. Creation of Utilities: Commerce creates several types of utilities. It creates place utility by carrying goods to the place where they are needed. It makes goods available as and when demanded thereby creating time utility. By creating these utilities commerce helps to increase the volume of trade.

Auxiliaries of trade may be classified into five categories:

1. Transportation: Selling all the goods produced at or near the production place is not possible. Hence, goods are to be sent to different places where they are demanded.

2. Banking and Finance: Now – a – days we cannot think of business without bank. A bank is an organization which accepts deposits of money from the public, withdrawals on demand or otherwise, and lends the same to those who need it. Necessary funds can be obtained by businessmen from a bank. Thus, banking helps business activities to overcome the v problem of finance.

3. Insurance: Business involves various types of risks. Materials and goods held in stock or in transit are subject to the risk of loss or damage. Insurance provides protection in all such cases. On payment of a nominal premium, the amount of loss or damage and compensation for injury, if any, can be recovered from the insurance company.

4. Warehousing: Goods are held in stock to make them available as and when required. Special arrangement must be made for storage of goods to prevent loss or damage. Warehousing helps business firms to overcome the problem of storage and facilities the availability of goods when needed.

5. Advertising: Advertising is one of the most important methods of promoting the sale of products, particularly, consumers goods like electronic goods, automobiles, soaps, detergents etc. Advertising helps in providing information about available goods and services and inducing customers to buy particular items.

Phan’s most influential book is The History of the Loss of Vietnam. The book focuses on two connected themes: 

(i) The loss of sovereignty, and 

(ii) The severing of ties with China — ties that bound the elites of the two countries within a shared culture.

Wrong Pair: 

Share of the service sector – 10%

French colonisation adopted the idea of a ‘civilising mission’. They wanted to educate the ‘native’ to civilise them. They were also doing so because they required educated local labour force. But they feared that education might create the following problems. 

(i) Educated Vietnamese may question colonial domination. 

(ii) French citizens living in Vietnam (called colons) also developed fear of losing their jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to the educated Vietnamese. So they opposed policies that would give the Vietnamese full access to French education.

Correct option is (b) Lord Macaulay

The first paper mill was started in Ballygunj near Calcutta in 1870.

(a) Paper Mill – Muslin

1. False 

2. True 

3. True 

4. False 

5. True

6. True 

7. False 

8. True

9. True 

10. True

1. Jutej

2. Wollen and leather 

3. Assam 

4. Jamshedpui 

5. Vanga 

6. Handicrafts

7. colonial

8. roadways and railways

9. railways

10. Cotton

1. In India modern industrial sector in an organised form started with the establishment of cotton textile industry in Bombay in 1854.

2. In 1855, Jute industry was started in the hooghly valley at Rishra near Calcutta.

1. employment

2. Infrastructure

3. education

4. ₹ 19,486

5. 556

1.  82.3%

2. 15.3%

3. 12.2%

4. soil degradation

5. 18%

Steel was First manufactured by modern methods at Kulti in 1874

(d) Aids to trade

1. (4) b, c, and d

2. (4) a, b and d

3. (1) b, c, and d

In India, Modern Industrial sector in an organised form started with the establishment of cotton textile industry at Bombay in 1854.

(c) Processing industry

1. Analytical Industry: It analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, as in the case of oil refinery.

2. Genetic Industries: These industries remain engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further reproduction. The seeds, nursery companies, poultry, diary, piggeiy, hatcheries, nursery, fisheries, apiary etc are classic examples of genetic industries.

3. Construction Industries: These industries are involved in the construction of building, dams, bridges, roads, as well as tunnels and canals.

(d) Quaternary

(a) Connecting producer and consumer

1. (2) b and c

2. (3) a, b and d

3. (1) a and d

The book was written by Phan Boi Chau in 1905 in Japan.

Explanation: The main theme of the Book was to have independence for Vietnam. It was written in a different style than the usual style of writing. The book helped in spreading the word “VIETNAM” and making it popular. It recalled incidents depicting the similarities between the situation facing in Vietnam and China with respect to the foreign rule and dominance.

(i) The loss of sovereignty of Vietnam. 

(ii) The severing of ties with China.

(1) c, a, d, b

(2) c, b, d, a

(3) a, c, b, d

(4) d, c, b, a

1. 36

2. Second

3. 11.24

4. third

5. 3.08

6. 929