Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Sher Khan was Humayun’s most dangerous enemy.

The first clear cut expression of nationalism came in France with the French Revolution. To make the Revolution a success it was very important to instill a sense of unity in every citizen. To achieve it, various measures and practices were followed: 

(i) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. 

(ii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 

(iii) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the nation of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. 

(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. 

(v) A centralised administrative system practising uniform laws for all citizens within its territory was set up. 

(vi) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. 

(vii) Regional languages were discouraged and French was adopted as the common language of the nation.

(i) Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82) was a famous Italian freedom fighter. He managed a large number of volunteers apart from regular troops. 

(ii) In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. 

(iii) He supported Victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the Italian states and in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

(i) It could recover an ancient national spirit. 

(ii) It could carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate. 

(iii) It could successfully develop nationalist sentiments.

(b) Garibaldi

Ottoman Bismarck was the true architect of Germany who played an important role in the unification of the country. He is known for his policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. 

(i) The French Revolution created a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the motherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution. 

(ii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 

(iii) A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. 

(iv) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. 

(v) Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the entire nation. In nutshell, we can associate the following values with the French Revolution: 

(i) Nationalism (ii) Equality (iii) Fraternity (iv) National integration (v) Solidarity.

(i) Greece had been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. 

(ii) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence among the people of Greece. It began in 1821. 

(iii) Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from several West Europeans who had soft corners for the ancient Greek culture. 

(iv) Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against the Ottoman Empire. 

(v) Finally, with the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 Greece became an independent nation.

(a) Being freed

(d) Metternich

The French revolutionaries aimed for: 

(i) Creating a sense of collective responsibility. 

(ii) Establishing republic. 

(iii) Equal rights for all.

Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria.

(i) When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle-classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. 

(ii) Their activities and compaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. 

(iii) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.

These ideas symbolised ‘fatherland’ and ‘the citizens’ respectively.

(b) Contractors

The word ‘liberal’ is derived from the Latin ‘liber’ that means ‘free’. Liberalism means a political system or tendency opposed to centralisation and absolutism. It emphasises on absolute and unrestrained freedom of thought, religion, conscience, creed, speech, press, and politics. Liberals believed that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others, not to pose a threat to liberty.

In nineteenth century a series of republican revolts started against European monarchies. It began in Sicily and spread over to France, the German and Italian states, and the Austrian Empire. This was the time when the liberals became active. Their significant role in political and economic fields changed the outlook of European countries.

In the economic field

(i) Liberals in the 19th century urged the end of state interference in the economic life of society. 

(ii) They fought for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. 

(iii) In 1834, a customs union or zolverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. 

(iv) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from thirty to two. 

(v) The construction of a network of railways stirred economic growth and economic nationalism which eventually strengthened nationalism.

In the political field

(i) Primary aim of liberals was to establish freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. 

(ii) It believed that government should be formed with the consent of people. 

(iii) It was against autocracy and clerical privileges and favoured a constitution and representative government through parliament. 

(iv) During that time property-owning men only had right to vote and get elected. 

(v) The Napoleonic Code also preferred limited suffrage and reduced women’s role also. 

(vi) Women were considered as the subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. 

(vii) This led to the rise of movement by women and non-propertied men demanding equal political rights.

Johann Gottfried Herder was a German philosopher. He claimed that true German culture was to be discovered through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances.

The treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent nation.

Mazzini was described as the ‘most dangerous enemy to our social order’ by Metternich. 

Female allegories were invented by the French artists in the 19th Century to represent the nation.

Germany was divided in many states. In 1848, the German confederation and Prussia tried organising themselves into a German state. Prussia took on the leadership. Its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars: Danish War in 1864, Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71 were fought which ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. For unification, Bismarck adopted ‘Blood and Iron’ policy and finally, it took place in 1871. The Prussian king, William I became the German Emperor

(i) (d) Skilled workforce – Specific Training

(ii) (b) Industrial expansion – Spatial Segregation

(Iii) (c) Secondary modes of security control – Law, city traffic signal, police, etc

The treaty of Vienna of 1815 stated that all the changes that had come due to the Napoleonic war should be reversed. The four features of the Vienna treaty of 1815 were:- 

• The Bourbon dynasty which was removed forcefully was brought back into power. Under Napoleon whichever the territories was acquired by France was lost again. 
• On the boundaries of France, series of states established which prevented expansion of France, such as in the North-kingdom of Netherlands was set up; in the South Genoa was set up; on its western frontier - new territories and a portion of Saxony was given to the Prussia; the control of Northern Italy was given to Austria, and the part of Poland was given to Russia in the east. 
• Napoleon established German confederation of 39 states which remained an untouched subject.
• The main feature of the treaty of Vienna was to re-establish all the monarchies thrown out by Napoleon and; in Europe new conservative order was created.

The Provisions of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 include: 

(i) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. 

(ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. 

(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. 

(iv) Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. 

(v) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. 

(vi) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. 

(vii) Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

The Provisions of Treaty of Vienna of 1815 include: 

(i) The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. 

(ii) France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. 

(iii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. 

(iv) Belgium was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. 

(v) Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. 

(vi) In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. 

(vii) Thus, monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon were restored and a new conservative order was created in Europe.

Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich hosted the congress of Vienna.

In 1815 Treaty of Vienna signed.

Correct Answer is : (a) Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini was the founder of the secret society, ‘Young Italy.’ It was founded in the year 1831. Mazzini formed this secret society to spread his thoughts and goals to achieve unification of Italy.

Britain, France and Russia.

Correct Answer is: (C) Lok Adalat

(B) Supreme Court

Mohan’s loss is the greatest.

He plunges in dreams and works wonders.

The short duration state of atmosphere of a particular place is called season. On the other hand the long lasting weather conditions of a place is known as its climate. There is continuous change in weather conditions in a short duration however change in climate takes pace very slowly and its first-hand experience is not possible.

Rain is of three types, namely : Convectional rain, geographic or mountain rain and Cyclonic rain.

Cyclones are divided into two types : 

1. Cold zone cyclones and 

2. Hot zone cyclones.

(A) San Martin

There is high pressure at the centre of an anti-cyclone and tne pressure reduces in the outward direction.
In each anticyclone, winds flow from centre to outward direction and is clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anticlockwise/ counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere

Correct option is (D) (5, 0)

\(\because\) Equation of X-axis is y = 0.

\(\therefore\) (5, 0) is a point lies on X-axis.

Correct option is  D) (5, 0)

Establishment of the Company: Like the Portuguese and the Dutch the British too decided to trade with India. Britain had strengthened her navy after defeating Spain in 1588 A.D.. In 1600 A.D., traders of England sought the permission of Queen Elizabeth for trade with India and established the British East India Company. They wanted to establish trade relations with eastern islands. But eastern islands were under the control of the Dutch. The Dutch harassed the British traders and compelled them to withdraw from the East Indies.

Concessions from the Mughal Emperor: Now the British” East India Company increased its trade activities in India. In 1608 A.D., Capt. Hawkins obtained permission of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir to trade with India. In 1615 A.D., Sir Thomas Roe came to the Court of Jahangir as an ambassador of James I, the king of England. He sought permission of Jahangir to establish a factory at Surat and also obtained several other concessions. As such, Surat became a trade centre of the English.

Growth of power of the British East India Company: In 1651 A.D., the English established a factory at Masulipattam in South India. After this, they purchased some land and laid the foundation of the city of Madras (Chennai) and established -a factory there. In 1651 A.D., the British Emperor Charles’ II got Bombay (Mumbai) from the Portuguese as dowry and the British Company established a cotton, cloth factory there.

Permission for free trade: The British East India: Company established its first factory in 1633 in the East India, in Orissa. Soon they set up their “factories at Hugli, Patna, Balasor and Dacca. Surat continued to be the headquartes of the British Company till 1686 A.D. A mint was set up in Bombay (Mumbai). Coins made in this mint were in circulation in the Mughal Empire. In 1717 A.D., the British Company got the permission to trade freely (free from Octroi tax) in lieu of payment of Rs. three thousand per annum to the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.

In this way, trade of the British East India Company flourished a lot. With the expansion of trade, cities like Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) became very prosperous.

Answer is (A) tribals

Answer is (B) 2500

(C) Spreading the pulp

(D) all the above

D) i – made of wood pulp, ii – spreading the pulp, iii – cutting

1. D) Spreading the pulp

2. C) Paper

(A) waste paper