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(c) Zila Parishad

1. decentralization 

2. panchayati raj 

3. ward sabha 

4. gram panchayats 

5. district

A meeting of the ward sabha was organized which was presided by the ward panch. Bills related to cleaning and hygiene, arrangement of dustbins, literacy, healthcare, children’s development and nutrition for infants were passed and they have been sent to the gram panchayat for their implementation.

(a) A ward panch

(c) The Panchayat Samiti

The head of Gram Panchayat is called the Sarpanch.

The Zila Parishad is the third and the topmost level of the Panchayati Raj System. All the panchayat samitis of the district are combined to form the Zila Parishad. For the formation of the Zila Parishad, the entire district is divided into wards. The voters of each ward elect one representative who becomes a member of the Zila Parishad. These elected members elect one of them as the president or head who is called the Zila Pramukh, and one member is elected as the Up-Zila Pramukh. Besides them, the MLAs of the district and the MPs of both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha of the districts and the pradhans of all the panchayat samitis of the district are also the members of the Zila Parishad. The Zila Pramukh is the head of the Zila Parishad.

The ward sabha performs various public welfare works associated with its respective ward. Under this, works such as construction of community taps and wells, advicing about appropriate places to establish dustbins for cleanliness, literacy, child development and nutrition, etc. are included.

The local self government is the most effective way of democratic decentralization. Local self government refers to forming and implementing various plans of public facilities such as arrangement of potable water, lighting on roads, construction of roads and sewers and cleaning them, education, healthcare, etc. with the help of public participation. Nature of local self government is different at various levels.

Zila Parishad is at the topmost level of the panchayati raj system. All the panchayat samitis are brought together to form the Zila Parishad of the district.

Pradhan is the head of the panchayat samiti. Along with this, the members of the legislative assembly of the panchayat samiti region and the sarpanchs of the associated gram panchayats are also the members of the panchayat samiti. Block level officers of all the departments of the respective development block also participate in the meetings.

(d) Gram Panchayat

The Zila Parishad serves as a link between the state government and the panchayats. It advises the state government on matters of rural development, particularly in its own areas. It also supervises the working of the panchayat samitis. It plans for the development of the entire district and inspects and supervises the developmental activities in the entire district. The chief executive officer and other officers help the Zila Parishad in performing its functions.

Urban institutions obtain income from the following three sources : 

1. They are given grants or provided loans by the state or central government. 

2. They receive income from various revenue fees and fines. 

3. They receive income through various taxes that they impose on the citizens.

Rural voters play significant role in the panchayati raj system. The rural voters elect the ward panch, sarpanch, panchayat samiti members and zila parishad members.

In this way, the rural voters play an important role in the development of India by their participation in democracy and by appropriate distribution of resources of the region.

In the state of Rajasthan, a panchayat samiti has been set up at each development block level. All the gram panchayats within the block area are combined to form the panchayat samiti. The president of the samiti is called the Pradhan. Each panchayat samiti has been divided into wards. The voters of each ward elect one representative who is a member of that panchayat samiti. These members elect one of them as the Pradhan and another as the Up-pradhan. Besides them, the MLA of that area is also its member as also the sarpanchs of all the gram panchayats in that area. This samiti meets from time to time, and all the block level officers of the development block participate in it.

For the formation of Nagar Palika, Nagar Parishad and Nagar Nigam, their respective regions are divided into wards. All the voters of a ward elect its respective representative. These elected members are known as Parshad. These elected parshads elect one of them as their head. Such elected head is known as president in context to Nagar Palika, chairman in context to Nagar Parishad and mayor or mahapaur in context to Nagar Nigam.

The structure of Nagar Palika, Nagar Parishad and Nagar Nigam is decided on the basis of the population of the area. A town which has population of more than 20,000 but less than one lakh has a ‘Nagar Palika’, with a population of more than one lakh but less than 5 lakh has a ‘Nagar Parishad’, and a city with a population of more than 5 lakh or more has a ‘Nagar Nigam’.

Head of the Nagar Palika is called the President (Chairman), head of the Nagar Parishad is called the Chairman (Chairperson) and head of the Nagar Nigam is called the mayor.

(a) New profit sharing ratio of Anil and Basu is 3 : 2

(b) Suraj’s Share = 1/6

Anil gets = 1/3 of 1/6 = 1/3 × 1/6 = 1/18 

Anil’s new share = 3/6 + 1/18 = 10/18 or 5/9

Basu gets = 2/3 of 1/6 = 2/3 × 1/6 = 2/18

Basu’s new share = 2/6 + 2/18 = 8/18 or 4/9

New profit sharing ratio of Anil and Basu is 5 : 4

(c)Basu takes over Suraj’s share fully

Suraj’s share = 1/6

Basu gets = 1/6

Basu’s new share = 2/6 + 1/6 = 3/6 or 1/2

New profit sharing ratio of Anil and Basu is 3 : 3 or 1:1

Only Basu gains.

Goindwal, Amritsar, Tam Taran, and Kartarpur.

distributed computing is a method of computing in which large problems can be divided into smaller ones and this smaller one are distributed among several computers.

A pattern or a model in the study of any subject of complexity is called paradigm.

Swarm Intelligence is the study of behaviour of colonies or groups of social animals, birds, insects. ants etc. How they communicate and create and manage their own colonies beautifully.

With Scientist’s help, the world is ready with preparedness to face the challenges that the natural calamities pose.

Scientists with their tools that are up to the challenge and can ensure our safety in the world.

The first definition of Artificial Intelligence was established by Alan Turing.

Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) :

The brain is a complex, nonlinear and parallel computer with ability to perform tasks such as recognise pattern, perception and motor control.ANN is the method of simulate biological neural systems to learn, memorise and generalize like human beings. A human brain cortex consists of 10-500 billion neurons with 60 trillion synâpses(a synapse is a stwcture that permits a neuron to pass an electrical)

The study of control and communication between man and machine is called Cybernetics.

The writer says “I found myself in Geneva”. It expresses, more than anything else, the writer’s surprise.

The three subjects that come under the category of basic science are Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.

Henry showed Arathi a nice camera. She admired it saying that it was beautiful. Henry replied that the camera was a bit costly. Later, she wanted to know about its price to which he remarked 175 dollars. Finally, Arathi decided to buy it.

(c) Artificial Neural Network

OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition.

ASR stands for Automatic Speech Recognition.

The ability to draw useful inferences from the available knowledge is generally referred as intelligence. Wisdom is the maturity of mind that directs its intelligence to achieve desirable goals.

HCR stands for Handwritten character Recognition.

Distributed computing is a method of computing in which large problems can be divided into smaller ones and these smaller ones are distributed among several computers. The solution for the smaller ones are computed separately and simultaneously. Finally, the results are assembled to get the desired overall solution.

The following are the important points that the writer had learned from the Geneva Summit as follows: 

1. Asa Scientist, the author had people like him all over the world who could think and interact as the author.

2. At abroad he need not feel lonely.

3. Science gives hope of survival and well being for the whole of mankind.

self – assessment [ ✓ ]

self – praise [ × ]

popularity [ × ]

experience [ ✓ ]

self – discipline [ ✓ ]

respect for evidence [ ✓ ]

Chaiidan told Raghu that he met Rani last week in Mysore. Raghu asked that she was looked the same as before. Chandan replied that there were some little bit of changes in her appearance but she remained as before. Raghu enquired what was she doing! Chandan said that she was working in a private company.

Seasonal unemployment. 

Seasonal unemployment is due to slack season or off-season. Kharif crops have a particular season. Thus, for the rest of the period, farmers remain unemployed leading to seasonal unemployment. Such kind of unemployment is also found in the case of tourism, marriage bands, sugar factories, etc.

Biometrics are used in the attendance management system, authentication in computers and other devices, Aadhar cards, etc.

1. Biometrics :

Biometrics refers to the unique characteristics of a human being to recognize an individual such as fingerprints, face recognition, iris, retina, etc. Biometrics are used to record attendance Eg. In banks, employee login is restricted by using fingerprint reader 

2. Bioinformatics:

It is a computer technology to the management of biological information. By the help of a computer analyse the fingerprints, DNA, iris, retina, etc and identifying the concerned person.

GIS stands for Geographical information system .

According to the author, scientists should give up their cultural differences and work hard for the benefit of the whole mankind. Scientists were able to work, based on respect to hard evidence known to be true something and they were skillful.

The nuclear powers had to free both the problems. All nations were not ready to believe the other nations. They had the threat if any country could violate and if they violate how could it be detected.

1 – e 

2 – c 

3 – a 

4 – f 

5 – b 

6 – d

The piper is piping songs on his pipe, so he did not speak to the child.

1. True 

2. True