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Cluster computing

Iron curtain was a barrier. It was difficult for the opposite sides to find out the solution. Because the cold war continued, the political tensions were hanging over. The scientists gave up their differences and worked together irrespective of their nationality.

9 Soldiers can stand in a queue in 9! ways.

The three superpowers had enough nuclear bombs to destroy others. If anyone of them used, it would take only 20 minutes to reach their targets, but other side had plenty of time to reverse action against their enemy. So the three superpowers were willing to come to an agreement to solve the problem. Hence they summoned the technical experts.

1. Self-Criticism

2. Lore

3. Immersion

4. Fundamental

5. Forensic

6. Headhunt

7. Self – inflict

1. Annihilation

2. Retaliation

3. Ominous

4. Acronym

5. Survival

6. Iron Curtain

7. Persistent

The child asked the piper to pipe a song about the lamb so the piper piped with merry cheer.

Dicky Dolma was born in a poor family. When she was only 11 years, she lost her mother and little later she lost her elder brother also. She had experienced hardships of life at an early stage. She suffered a lot. Financially also she had to suffer.

With the help of Artificial intelligence computer can solve the tasks such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, natural language processing, medical diagnosis, etc.

Kellis Borok’s theoretical knowledge had a direct application in the area of survival of the human kind.

The sentence in the text suggests that the author was involved more in the theoretical research than in its application to the Warcraft was in the 3rd para. i.e., “I did not give much thought to how it connects with the real life”.

Dicky Dolma took up the basic mountaineering course at in 1991 Manali.

(i) ‘He’ refers to the bear, Bruno.

(ii) Bruno was delighted to see the narrator’s wife after three months of separation.

i) The author, his wife and son. 

ii) They missed the baby bear. 

iii) They felt relieved because it was getting difficult to keep the baby bear at home.

(a) Dicky dolma

i) ‘He’ refers to the baby bear. 

ii) ‘He’ was delighted to see the author’s wife after a long time.

Mandela realized in his youth that it was not just his freedom that was being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. The hunger for his own freedom became the hunger for the freedom of his people. This desire of a nonracial society transformed him into a virtuous and self-sacrificing man. Thus, he joined the African National Congress and this changed him from a frightened young man into a bold man.

With age Nelson Mandela realised that he had a lot of responsibilities of his people, his community and his country. As a boy, Mandela did not have a hunger for freedom because he thought that he was born free. He believed that as long as he obeyed his father and abided by the customs of his tribe, he was free in every possible manner. He had certain needs as a teenager and certain needs as a young man. Gradually, he realized that he was selfish during his boyhood. He slowly understands that it is not just his freedom that is being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. It is after attaining this understanding that he develops a hunger for the freedom of his people.

Besides zeal and determination hard work, perseverance, one track mind, the character of taking any risk, regular practice, etc., these are all necessary to achieve success.

The 1800s boy washed clothes, chopped wood, fixed the broken fence and took the goats up to the hills to graze.

The theme of the poem is that nature is always happy. Nature is never sad. It is always singing through the medium like grasshopper and cricket; the grasshopper sings in summer and the cricket in cold winter.

(i) He has never done with his delights.

(ii) The cricket’s song in warmth increasing ever.

Bismillah Khan refused to start a shehnai school in the U.S.A. because he could not live outside India. His student, who had asked him to head the shehnai school, promised that he would recreate the atmosphere of Benaras by replicating the temples in the city. However, he wanted to know if his student could also transport River Ganga, which his student obviously could not. He himself said that whenever he was in a foreign country he kept yearning to see Hindustan.

On 15 August 1947, Bismillah Khan played the shehnai from the Red Fort. It was a historic day as India gained independence on that day. He became the first Indian to greet the nation with his shehnai. His audience included illustrious names such as Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi.

Traditionally, the shehnai was part of the traditional ensemble of nine instruments found at royal courts. It was used only in temples and weddings. However, Ustad Bismillah Khan brought in the change by bringing it on to the classical stage.

Ustad Bismillah Khan was a Shehnai master of great national and international fame. He was a great musician. Ali Bux, his maternal uncle perfected him in music. Shehnai was brought to the classical stage by Ustad Bismillah Khan. He practised for hours and worked very hard to attain perfection. It was his melodious music that made him the first Indian to greet independent India. Ustad Bismillah Khan created many new raagas. He was given many awards and he even received the ‘Bharat Ratna’. He was a true patriot who declined many offers to settle abroad. He was a true artist but a simple man. He had great regard for Hindustani Classical Music.

At the age of 5, Bismillah Khan would regularly visit the Bihariji temple to sing Bhojpuri ‘chaita’. For his melodious singing he used to earn a laddu weighing 1.25 kg from the local Bhojpuri king.

Bismillah Khan, at the age of 14, accompanied his uncle to Allahabad Music Conference where Ustad Faiyaz Khan patted his back. He got encouraged and worked hard and got a big break from the All India Radio in 1938.

Bismillah Khan refused to start a shehnai school in the U.S.A. because he could not live outside India. He was in love with Benaras and Dumraon and missed it whenever he was abroad.

The words used for ‘monuments’ in the poem are – piled stones, star-y pointing pyramid, and monument itself

इस कविता में ‘स्मारक’ के लिए प्रयुक्त शब्द हैं – पत्थरों का ढेर, बहुत ऊँचा पिरामिड और स्वयं स्मारक।

(iii) His writings

Shakespeare has written a number of great dramas and poems. His works consist of great thoughts. He describes each aspect of human emotions. People remember him through these works. His whole life has become worth remembering for people. Thus, he has made a ‘live long monument’.

शेक्सपीयर ने बहुत से महान नाटक व कविताएँ लिखी हैं। उनकी कृतियों में महान विचार समाहित हैं। लोग इन कृतियों के माध्यम से उन्हें याद करते हैं। वे मानवीय भावनाओं के प्रत्येक पहलू का वर्णन करते हैं। उनका पूरा जीवन ही लोगों के लिए स्मरणीय हो गया है। इस प्रकार, शेक्सपीयर ने अपने सम्पूर्ण जीवन को स्मारक बना लिया है।

Shakespeare has written a number of great dramas and poems. His works consist of great thoughts. He describes each aspect of human emotions. People remember him through these works. His whole life has become worth remembering for people. Thus, he has made a ‘live long monument’.

शेक्सपीयर ने बहुत से महान नाटक व कविताएँ लिखी हैं। उनकी कृतियों में महान विचार समाहित हैं। लोग इन कृतियों के माध्यम से उन्हें याद करते हैं। वे मानवीय भावनाओं के प्रत्येक पहलू का वर्णन करते हैं। उनका पूरा जीवन ही लोगों के लिए स्मरणीय हो गया है। इस प्रकार, शेक्सपीयर ने अपने सम्पूर्ण जीवन को स्मारक बना लिया है।

Shakespeare has written a number of great dramas and poems. His works consist of deep thought. No aspect of human emotion has been left untouched by him. Shakespeare is world famous for them. Hence, Milton calls him ‘great heir of fame’ i.e. a highly famous personality.

शेक्सपीयर ने बहुत से महान नाटक व कविताएँ लिखी हैं। उनकी इन कृतियों में गूढ़ विचार समाहित हैं। मानवीय भावनाओं का कोई भी पक्ष उनसे अछूता नहीं रहा है। शेक्सपीयर उनके लिए विश्वप्रसिद्ध हैं। इसलिए मिल्टन उन्हें प्रसिद्धि का महान उत्तराधिकारी’ अर्थात् एक अत्यधिक प्रसिद्ध व्यक्तित्व कहते हैं।

According to Milton, there is no need to build a tomb for Shakespeare because he is remembered and respected among the masses through his great literary works. He has himself made a tomb for himself in the form of his dramas and poetry.

मिल्टन के अनुसार शेक्सपीयर के लिये मकबरा बनाने की आवश्यकता नहीं है क्योंकि उन्हें लोग उनकी साहित्यिक कृतियों के लिए याद करते हैं व उनका सम्मान करते हैं। उन्होंने अपने नाटकों व कविताओं के रूप में स्वयं अपने लिए मकबरा बना दिया है।

Shakespeare has earned great name and fame through his literary works. His writings cover almost every aspect of human emotions. His delphic lines will always influence the coming generations of poets. They will learn great lessons from his poems. Thus, he will remain a source of inspiration for all succeeding generations of poets.

शेक्सपीयर ने अपनी साहित्यिक कृतियों के द्वारा बहुत नाम व प्रसिद्धि अर्जित की है। उनके लेखन के क्षेत्र। में मानवीय भावनाओं का प्रायः प्रत्येक पक्ष आता है। उनका उत्कृष्ट लेखन कार्य कवियों की आने वाली पीढ़ियों को सदा प्रभावित करेगा। वे उनकी कविताओं से महान शिक्षाएँ लेंगे। इस प्रकार वह कवियों की सभी आने वाली पीढ़ियों के लिए प्रेरणा-स्रोत बने रहेंगे।

'Hallowed relics are the items of interest of the people who have passed away. These may be their spectacles, walking sticks, books etc. The dead person’s bereaved family and friends believe that he may use them even after his death. So, these are placed on his grave in his tomb.

पवित्र स्मृति चिह्न मृत लोगों की प्रिय वस्तुएँ होती हैं। ये उनका चश्मा, छड़ियाँ, पुस्तकें आदि हो सकती हैं। मृत व्यक्ति के दुःखी परिवारीजन व मित्र विश्वास करते हैं कि मृत व्यक्ति को अपनी मृत्यु के बाद भी उनकी आवश्यकता हो सकती है। इसलिए, इन्हें उनके मकबरे में उनकी कब्र पर रख दिया जाता है।

(iii) Shakespeare

Shakespeare’s great works in literature make people remember him with great love and respect. He has immortalised himself in the memory of the people. He needs no man-made tomb as witness to his genius. Even kings would wish to die for such a tomb.

शेक्सपीयर की साहित्य में महान रचनाओं के कारण लोग उन्हें बड़े प्यार और सम्मान से याद करते हैं। उन्होंने स्वयं को लोगों की स्मृति में अमर कर लिया है। उन्हें किसी मानव निर्मित मकबरे की आवश्यकता नहीं है। राजा भी ऐसे मकबरे के लिये मृत्यु की इच्छा करेंगे।

Shakespeare has earned great name and fame through his literary works. He has written : not only great plays but also immortal poetry. His plays are more poetry than prose. Milton calls him the ‘dear son of memory, great heir of fame.’ He needs no man-made, structure as witness to his genius. His writings cover almost every aspect of human emotions, actions and behaviour. His thoughts, philosophy and style have influenced poets coming after him. They have learnt great lessons from his works. Thus, he has been a source of inspiration for all the succeeding generations of poets.

शेक्सपीयर ने अपनी साहित्यिक रचनाओं के माध्यम से बहुत नाम और प्रसिद्धि अर्जित की। उन्होंने न केवल महान नाटक लिखे बल्कि अमर काव्य की रचना भी की। उनके नाटक गद्य की अपेक्षा काव्य अधिक हैं। मिल्टन उन्हें ‘स्मरण का प्रिय पुत्र, प्रसिद्धि के महान उत्तराधिकारी’ कहते हैं। उन्हें अपनी प्रतिभा के प्रत्यक्षदर्शी के रूप में किसी मानव-निर्मित ढाँचे की आवश्यकता नहीं है। उनकी रचनायें मानव भावनाओं, क्रिया-कलापों और व्यवहार के हर पहलू को छूती हैं। उनके विचार, दर्शन और शैली ने उनके बाद आने वाले कवियों को प्रभावित किया है। उन्होंने उनकी रचनाओं से बहुत सीखा है। इस प्रकार वे कवियों की आने वाली सभी पीढ़ियों के लिये प्रेरणा स्रोत रहे हैं।

Correct answer is (c) suffering

A thing of beauty is a joy forever because it is a source of endless joy and its eternal beauty never fades away.

The poem ‘On Shakespeare-1630’ is John Milton’s tribute to the great Bard. It is based on the theme of immortality through artistic creation. It is an epitaph on Shakespeare. Milton believes that man-made monuments can never be sufficient tribute to Shakespeare’s achievements as the greatness of his works cannot be captured by any superficial structure. Milton says that Shakespeare has himself created an ever-lasting monument suited to his genius in the memory of his readers who read and regard his works with awe and wonder. Their devotion to his works is the greatest tribute to his genius.

कविता ‘On Shakespeare-1630’ जॉन मिल्टन द्वारा महान कवि को दी गई श्रद्धांजलि है। यह कलात्मक रचना द्वारा अमरता प्राप्त करने के विषय पर आधारित हैं यह शेक्सपीयर का मृत्युलेख है। मिल्टन का मानना है कि मनुष्य द्वारा बनाये स्मारक कभी शेक्सपीयर की उपलब्धियों को पर्याप्त श्रद्धांजलि नहीं हो सकते क्योंकि कोई भी बनावटी ढाँचा उनकी रचनाओं की महानता को पकड़ नहीं सकता। मिल्टन का कहना हैं कि शेक्सपीयर ने अपने उन पाठकों के स्मरण में स्वयं अपनी प्रतिमा के अनुकूल चिरकालीन स्मारक बना लिया है जो आदर और आश्चर्य से उनकी रचनाओं को पढ़ते हैं। उनकी रचनाओं के प्रति उनका समर्पण ही उनकी प्रतिमा की महानतम् श्रद्धांजलि है।

Weak witness of thy name’ refers to tombs, relics, pyramids or sepulchres. Shakespeare has stronger witnesses to his name in the form of his literary works. In comparison to these, any monument in stone is a weak sign of his remembrance as all these will decay with the passage of time.

‘तुम्हारे नाम का कमज़ोर चिह्न’ मकबरों, स्मृति-चिह्नों, पिरामिडों और कब्रगाहों के सन्दर्भ में प्रयुक्त हुआ है। शेक्सपीयर के नाम के अधिक शक्तिशाली चिह्न या प्रमाण हैं – उनकी साहित्यिक कृतियाँ। इनकी तुलना में पत्थर के बने कोई भी स्मारक उनकी स्मृति के कमज़ोर चिह्न है क्योंकि ये समय गुजरने के साथ क्षीण हो जायेंगे।

Shakespeare’s genius is so great that the poet doubts that his ”hallowed relics” be hidden under a star-y pointing pyramid.

शेक्सपीयर की विद्वता इतनी महान है कि कवि को इस बात में शंका है कि उनकी पवित्र निशानियों को आसमान छूते पिरामिड में छिपाया जा सकता है।

(a) Men used to wear dhoti, kurta, angarakha, turban.

(b) Women use to wear sarees (nine-yard) and blouses.

(b) remove the pall of gloom from our lives

Completed table:

Most of the people were staying in the village. The villages were self sufficient.

(a) Crops grown: The farmers grown the crops like jowar, bajra, wheat, nachani, com, rice etc.

(b) Food: The farmers’ daily meal consisted of bhakari, onion, chutney and gravy. Rich people’s meal consisted of rice, dal-varan, chapatis, vegetables, salads and milk products.

(c) The transaction in rural area were based on barter system.

(d) Houses: The houses were simple and were made of soil and bricks.

(e) Clothing :

(i) Men wear – Dhoti, Kurta, Angarakha, Turban.

(ii) Women wear – Saree (nine yard) and blouse