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Icebergs: During summer the lakes fill up, and huge chunks of ice break off and float into the ocean as icebergs.

Bahaya Group.

( P + an²/V₂) (V – nb) = nRT. a gives the idea of magnitude of attractive forces between the molecules of the gas while b is a measure of effective size of gas molecules.

 Maxilli  god

The van der Waals constant 'a' represents the magnitude of intermolecular forces of attraction and the Van der Waals constant 'b' represents the effective size of the molecules.

Gas ‘A’ is at critical temperature and therefore liquefies. Gas ‘B’ is at a temperature higher than critical temperature and therefore, does not liquefy even on applying high pressure.

(i) Van der Waal's constant 'a': Its value is a measure of the magnitude of the attractive forces among the molecules of the gas. Greater the value of 'a', larger are the inter-molecular forces of attraction.

(ii) Van der Waal's constant 'b': Its value is a measure of the effective size of the gas molecules. Its value is equal to four times the actual volume of the gas molecules. It is called excluded volume or co-volume.

Details about Eskimos: 

1. Hunting seals and fishing are the primary occupations of the Eskimos.
2. Their food is related to the nature of the atmosphere.
3. Their houses are known as “Igloos”.
4. The Eskimos believe that spirits control the things like life, health, sickness, starvation, and death.
5. They had no relations with the rest of the world.
6. The pattern of relationships between the Eskimos and outsiders has been described as “boom and bust”.

Hunting seals and fishing are the primary occupations of the Eskimos.

1) Eskimo religion shows deep concern for life, health, sickness, starvation and death.

2) All Eskimos groups believe in a supernatural power called Sila and spirits (such as Sedna, the goddess of life, health and food). They believe that people and animals have souls that live after death.

3) Taboo means forbidding certain actions, such as eating a particular kind of food.

4) They celebrate some major ceremonies, performed at birth and death or when hunting was very poor or very successful.

5) Shamans use trances, drama and magic tricks in their performances.

Eskimos: The people who live in scattered settlements in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and Síberia.

Convex lens is used in simple microscope, compound microscope, telescope, and also in the spectacles used by the people those who have hyper metropia.

(a) Amerigo Vespucci

Light is a form of energy enable us to see the things.

The sea route to India

 Red  Indians

Unit of R depends upon those units in which p, V and T are measured, R-pV/nT.

If pressure is measured in Pascal, per mole volume is measured in m³ and temperature is measured in Kelven then. Units of ‘R’ are Pam³K^–1 mol^–1 or J mol^–1 K^–1. Jule is the unit of work done so ‘R’ is work done per mole per kelvin.

1. A coin in a cup which is just invisible can be made visible by pouring water in the cup. 

2. The bottom of a water tank appears to be raised.

Major source of light is the sun. Light can also be produced with the help of candles bulbs. Fluorescent lamps, gas lamps etc.

Answer is (A) 5000

(b) Christopher Columbus

The condition for total internal reflection takes place are:

1. If the light ray travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium. 

2. Angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle for the two media.

(i) Gases consist of large number of identical particles (atoms or molecules) that are so small and so far apart on the average that the actual volume of the molecules is negligible in comparison to the empty space between them. It explains the great compressibility of gas. 

(ii) There is no force of attraction between the particles of a gas at ordinary temperature and pressure. It explains that gases expand and occupy all the space available to them.

The applications of total internal reflection are:

1. To explain the sparking nature of diamond. 

2. To explain the formation of mirages 

3. It is used in optic fiber cable 

4. It is used in endoscopy.

In the rain bow we may not see all the seven colors due to the overlapping of colors.

Average K.E. = \(\frac{3}{2}\)K_bT

= \(\frac{3}{2}\)\(\frac{RT}{N_A}\)

Rs = 8∙314 JK^-1 mol^-1 , N_A = 6∙022 × 10²³

T = 27 + 273 = 300 K

K.E = \(\frac{3}{2}\) x \(\frac{8.314\times300}{6.022\times10^{23}}\)

= 6.22 x 10^-21 J

Total К.Е. = \(\frac{3}{2}\)nRT

= \(\frac{3}{2}\) x \(\frac{32}{16}\) x 8.314 × 300 = 7482.6 J

Two wrong assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases were:

(a) The molecules which are considered as point masses have negligible volume as compared to the total volume of the gas. 

(b) It is assumed that there is no inter-molecular forces between the molecules. They move independently.

Concave mirrors are used by dentists and in solar furnace and in head light of motor vehicles.

1. Pole of the mirror : pole of the mirror is the center of the reflecting surface. The ray of light along the principal axis which is incident on the pole of the mirror retraces its path along the principal axis. 

2. Principal focus : It is the point of convergence of a parallels beam of light which are also parallel to principal after reflection. It is denoted by ‘F’. 

3. Focal length : The distance between the pole of the mirror and the point of focus reflected parallel rays of light which are incident on the mirror is called focal length. It is denoted by ‘P’. 

4. Center of curvature : It is center of the sphere of which the mirror is a part. It is denoted by ‘C’. 

5. Radius of curvature : The radius of the sphere of which the mirror apart is called radius of curvature it is denoted by ‘V’. the radius of curvature is twice the focal length r = 2 ‘f’ 

6. Principal axis : The imaginary extended line on which the pole of the mirror, the point of focus and the center of the curvature are located is called principle axis. 

7. Object distance : The distance of the object from the pole of the mirror is called object distance it is denoted by ‘V’. 

8. Image distance : The distance between the mirror and the image is called image distance it is denoted by ‘V’.

C_mp = \(\sqrt{\frac{2RT}{M}}\)T = 273 + 27 = 300 K

R = 8.314 JK^-1 mol^-1

= \(\sqrt{\frac{2\times8.314\times300}{0.016}}\)

= 558.36 ms^-1

P₁= 1bar= 750.12 mmHg 

P₂ = ( P1 ₊ h) 

 V₁=4.2mL ,V₂ =2.8mL 

 P₁V₁= P₂ V₂ 

or P₂ = P₁V₁/ V₂ 

 = 750.12 x4.2 /2.8 =1125.18 mmHg 

Now 1125.18 = 750.12 ₊ h 

 h = 1125.18 -750.12 

= 375.06 mmHg or 37.506 cm.  

Given, n = 2 mol, V = 5L, P = 9.1 atm,

T = 273 + 27 = 300K

R = 0.082 L atm mol^-1 K^-1

According to van der Waals equation,

\(\Big(P+\frac{an^2}{V^2}\Big)\)\((V-nb)\) = nRT

Or a = \(\Big(\frac{nRT}{V-nb}-P\Big)\) x \(\frac{V^2}{n^2}\)

= \(\Big(\frac{2\times0.082\times300}{5-2\times0.052}-9.1\Big)\)x \(\frac{(5)^2}{(2)^2}\)

= \(\Big(\frac{49.2}{4.896}-9.1\Big)\)x \(\frac{25}{4}\)

= (10.05 - 9.1) x \(\frac{25}{4}\)

= 0.95 x \(\frac{25}{4}\)

= = 5.938 atm L² mol^-2

 (a) Pressure =Patm , 

Temp. =T^o C , 

density =d g/cm³ & 

No. of moles=n/4 

(b) Pressure =2Patm , 

Temp. = T^o C ,

density =2d g/cm³ & 

No. of moles=2n.

V₁=1litre V₂=?

T₁= 27⁰c=300k, T₂=37⁰C=310k

At Constant pressure, V₁T₁ = V₁/T₁=V₂/T₂

1/300=V₂/310       V₂ = 1.0333 litre

Since capacity of flask is one litre

Volume of air escaped out

= 1.0333-1= 0.0333 litre = 33.3ml

By applying ideal gas equation, we have

\(\frac{P_1V_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2V_2}{T_2}\)

\(\frac{758\times35}{279}\) = \(\frac{760\times V_2}{273}\)

\(\therefore\) V₂ = \(\frac{758\times35}{279}\) x \(\frac{273}{760}\)

= 34∙16 ml

Volume of chlorine gas at NIP = 34∙16 ml.

The internal resistance to the flow of the liquids which one layer offers to another layer trying to pass over is called its viscosity. It depends upon the nature of the liquid and temperature.

Hence they allow only the essential materials to pass through.

In plant cells and fungus cells spindle fibres are formed through microtubule organising centre.

The electron microscope can magnify an object into millions of time of the original size. So it helps to understand more about the micro structures of the cell.

(b) convex mirror

Suppose vol. of 200 mg of air at 17⁰ C =V mL 

Apply Charle’s Law V₁/ T₁=V₂/ T₂ 

 V₁/ 290 = V₂/390 

 V₂ =1.34 

V₁ , volume of air expelled = 1.34V₁ –V₁ =o.34V₁ mL 

% of air expelled: 0.34V₁x 100 /V₁

_{= 34%}

It contains both positive and negative charged ions.

\(\frac{V_1}{T_1}=\frac{V_2}{T_2}\) i.e, \(\frac{400\,cm^3}{(273+7)K}\) = \(\frac{V_2}{(273+27)K}\)

or V₂ = \(\frac{400}{280}\) x 300 cm³ = 482.6 cm³

This is volume after expansion.

\(\therefore\) Volume expelled

= (428∙6 - 400) cm³

= 28∙6 cm³

• Density 
• Boiling point 
• Freezing point 
• Vapour pressure 
• Surface tension 
• Viscosity.

The exchange of materials between cells and between cell organelles and cytoplasm occurs through biomembranes. These membranes do not allow all but some materials to pass. Hence they are selectively permeable membrane.

Factors affecting viscosity of a liquid: 

i. Temperature: Viscosity is a temperature dependent property.

Viscosity ∝ \(\frac{1}{Temperature}\)

ii. Nature of liquid: Viscosity also depends on molecular size and shape. Larger molecules have more viscosity and spherical molecules offer the least resistance to flow and therefore are less viscous. Greater the viscosity, slower is the liquid flow.

Correct option is: (B) 31.04°C

The critical temperature of \(CO_2\) is 31.04°C. This is the highest temperature at which liquid \(CO_2\) can exist

Correct option is (B) 31.04 °C

Steam particles has more Kinetic energy.

(a) Diethyl ether: No hydrogen bonding in diethyl ether.

(b) Water: Expensive hydrogen bonding in water.