d)Mammals are warm-blooded animals. Their skin is covered by hair, sweat glands and oil glands that regulate body temperature. Coelom in mammals is divided into peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities. Breathing is through lungs. Four-chambered heart is present. Mammalian heart is made up of four chambers which include two atria and two ventricles. The organisms with this type of heart exhibit double circulation. The deoxygenated blood is completely separated from the oxygenated blood completely. The atria and ventricles are separated by many types of valves which prevent the mixing up of pure blood from that of impure blood. Mammals give birth to young ones through different modes. Mammals have milk-producing glands called as mammary glands to nourish their young ones.Aves are warm-blooded animals. Birds bear three clawless digits. Fore-limbs are modified into wings which aid in flight. Their hind limbs are strong and are developed for walking. Bones are hollow. Body is covered by feathers. Respiration is through lungs. They have four-chambered heart. Avian heart is a four chambered heart and complex in its evolution. It pumps more blood than mammalian heart as birds require lot of energy to fly high in the air. They lay eggs which hatch into chicks.

c)At one time, reptiles and amphibians were zoologically classified as reptiles due to their many similarities. It is speculated that reptiles transitioned from amphibians some 50 million years ago, which perhaps explains why there are so many commonly shared characteristics. Let's first identify those similarities between reptiles and amphibians.

Ectothermic: Both are ectothermic (cold-blooded) meaning their internal sources of heat are so insignificant that they must rely upon external sources to regulate their body temperature. Body heat regulation is primarily required for operation of their metabolic processes.

Chordata (animals that possess a spinal column): Both reptiles and amphibians are vertebrates possessing a central vertebral column.

Skin color alteration:Skin color alteration by concentrating or dissipating melanin is possible in many amphibians and reptiles. Altering their skin coloration aids in camouflage and can help thermoregulation of body temperature.

Keen eyesight:Many lizards (reptiles) and frogs (amphibians) have sharp eyesight which is crucial for their precise capture of prey by flicking their tongues.

Defensive traits:Both reptiles and amphibians use camouflage, biting and inflating of the body to avoid predation.Lizards (reptiles) and salamanders (amphibians) both have the ability to autotomize which is a voluntary removal of the tail as a defensive response.One common defense is mimicry where animals that have no innate defensive protection mimic the bright colors of dangerous animals.For example, a harmless king snake might appear as a venomous coral snake.

e)Nematoda-1-these are psuedocelomate2-their body is not segmented3-they have no close circulated system.4-they are group of round worms.5-they have no setae and are cylindrical

annelida - 1-these are acelomate2-their body is segmented3-they have close circulated system.4-these are not group of round worms5-they have setae and are not cylindrical