(b) ‘Open Market Operations’ refers to the purchases or sales of government securities, public securities or trade bills etc: by the central bank in an open market. In limits the power of commercial bank to create credit, so they will have to reduce their advances and loans. On the other hand, purchase of government securities by the central bank results in an increase in cash reserves of the commercial banks. 

(c) Two causes of consumer exploitation are: 

1. Low Literacy: Illiteracy leads to exploitation, lack of consumer awareness is the root cause for exploitation. 

2. Limited Information: Producers provide incomplete and incorrect information about various products. 

(d) (RTI) Right to Information Act, 2005 is a law enacted by the Parliament of India, giving citizens of India access to records of the central and state governments. 

It includes the right to: 

1. Request any information. 

2. Take copies of documents. 

3. Take certified samples of materials of work. 

(e) Fixed capital refers to these producer goods having long life which can be used again and again in productive processes. 

For example: machinery, plants and factory buildings, transport equipments etc. 

Circulating capital includes all those items, which can be used for a specific purpose only once. Cotton and paper are such examples, which are used only once in productive processes of making cloth and printing of books respectively.