(a) (i) In 1877, he lowered the maximum age limit for the I.C.S. examination from 21 to 19 years, thus making it impossible for the Indians to compete for it,

(ii) He introduced Vernacular Press Act and Indian Arms Act, Both these were passed to pursue the policy of racial discrimination. 

(b) (i) The Indian National Association. 

(ii) The East India Association. 

(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant. 

(d) The movement was launched after the First World War by two Ah brothers, Muhammed Ah and Shaukat Ah to protest against the injustice done to the Muslims of Turkey and to protest against the threat to the position and the dignity of the Turkish Sultan. 

(e) (i) The Act gave enormous powers to the government to redress pohtical activities, and allowed detention of pohtical prisoners without a trail for two years.

 (ii) The pohce could search a place and arrest any person they disapproved without warrant. 

(f) (i) The aim of the army was to overthrow the British Raj in colonial India, with Japanese assistance.

(ii)To estabhsh an Interim Government. 

(g) (i) Lahore Session and the Demand for Complete Independence : The failure of the British Government to give Dominion Status to India and several other developments in 1929 hardened the Congress attitude. So, at its Lahore Session, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru in December, 1929, the Congress passed resolution of ‘Puma Swaraj’, and also took steps to launch a programme of Civil Disobedience. 

(ii) Gandhi’s Eleven Demands : On 30th January, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi in a statement, put forward Eleven Demands to correct two injustices done to the Indians, but Gandhiji’s demands were declared to be unrealistic by the Viceroy. 

(h) England and France followed a policy of appeasement towards Germany. They did not care to enforce the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, so Hitler started to flout it. When Hitler attacked and annexed Austria, Britain and France did not try to stop him. The heads of four nations – Germany, Italy, Britain and France met at Munich on September 28, 1938 and decided to hand over Sudetanland to Germany. The Czechs were persuaded by them to accept the Munich Pact in the name of world peace. But actually, they were appeasing Hitler at the cost of Czechoslovakia. 

(i) In Asia, Japan harboured expansionist desires. It attacked China in 1931 and annexed Manchuria. China appealed to the League of Nations to declare sanctions against Japan, Britain and France leading members of the League ignored the appeal. In 1933, Japan left the League of Nations and started occupying the British and American properties in China. Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement under which they ignored aggressive policy of Japan, thinking that Japanese could be used to weaken China. The Japanese were determined to dominate the Far East. America warned Japan of the dire consequences but Japan ignored. She joined “Rome-Berlin-Tokyo” Axis. She also attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbour. 

(j) (i) It has set up educational planning centres which prepare specialists in the theories and methods of education. For example, International Institute of Educational Planning in Paris. 

(ii) Four main areas of focus to provide basic education for all, to expand access to basic education, improve the quality of basic education and education for the 21 st century.