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(a) Show the formation of the electrophile in the following reactions : (i) CI_(2)+AICI_(3), (ii) HNO_(3)+H_(2)SO_(4), (iii) Br_(2)+Fe, (iv) H_(2)SO_(4), (v) H_(2)S_(2)O_(7), Fuming sulphuric acid. (b) How do substituent groups on an aromatic rign influence the course of electrophilic aromatic substituion ? Classify them by their effects.

Answer» <html><body><p></p>Solution :(a) (i) `CI_(2)+AICI_(<a href="https://interviewquestions.tuteehub.com/tag/3-301577" style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Click to know more about 3">3</a>)toCI^(+)+AICI_(4)^(-)` <br/> (ii) `HONO_(2)+HOSO_(3)HtoH_(2)O+NO_(2)^(+)+HSO_(4)^(-)` <br/>(iii) `2Fe+3FeBr_(2)to2FeBr_(3)` <br/> `FeBr_(3)+Br_(2)toBr^(+)+FeBr_(4)^(-)` <br/> (iv) `2H_(2)SO_(4)toH_(3)O^(+)+HSO_(4)^(-)+SO_(3)` <br/> (v)`H_(2)S_(2)O_(7)toH^(+)+HSO_(4)^(+)+SO_(3)` <br/> (<a href="https://interviewquestions.tuteehub.com/tag/b-387190" style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Click to know more about B">B</a>) The substituents on an aromatic ring affect the electrophilic substitution in two ways : <br/> 1. Reactivity : The compound is more reactive than benzene, the groups present are activating. In case, the compound is less reactive than benzene, the groups present are deactivating. <br/>2. Orientation : Whether electrophile (E) enters ortho, para or meta. There are three <a href="https://interviewquestions.tuteehub.com/tag/classes-16111" style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Click to know more about CLASSES">CLASSES</a> of <a href="https://interviewquestions.tuteehub.com/tag/substituent-1231626" style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Click to know more about SUBSTITUENT">SUBSTITUENT</a> groups: <br/> (i)All activaing groups direct E to ortho or parapositions. <br/> (ii) Most deactivating groups direct E to meta-positions. ltbegt (iii) A few deactivating groups, e.g., halogens direct E to ortho or para-positions.</body></html>


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