(a) It is a feeling of oneness which the people feel about a nation. Nationalism is a phenomenon which appeared in the world history after the close of the middle age. Nationalism was a result of new social and economic forces which had put an end to feudalism. 

(b) 1. Introduction of western education. 

2. Development of transport and communication. 

(c) The objectives of the Indian National Congress were as follows: 

1. To promote close relations among the Nationalist workers of the country. 

2. To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity among the people without any consideration of caste, religion or region. 

(d) Liberty, Equality and Freternity. 

(e) (i) They popularised the ideas pf democracy and civil liberty among the people,

(ii) They exposed the true nature of the British rule in India. 

(f) Lord Curzon announced the Partition of Bengal on July 20, 1905 and divided Bengal into two parts : Eastern Bengal and Assam and the rest of Bengal. 

(g) Contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose: Subhash Chandra Bose was a diehard Freedom fighter and a Nationalist. 

1. He started a new party called Forward Bloc by bringing all the left wing parties under one roof. 

2. He gave the call to his countrymen “You give me blood and I will give you Freedom”. He gave the clarion call to INA soldiers ‘Delhi Chalo’ as their ultimate destination. 

(h) (1) The interests of the State were superior to the rights of the citizen. 

(2) Aggressive Nationalism (State worship, leader worship, war worship.) 

(i) If one of the five permanent members of the security council cast a negative vote on any proposal then the proposal is dropped or nullified. This power is called as Veto or rejecting power. 

(j) The principles of Panchsheel are: 

1. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. 

2. Mutual non-aggression. 

3. Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs. 

4. Equality for mutual benefit and 5. Peaceful co-existence.