Answer» - Illiteracy : People, who are illiterate, cannot get good employment opportunities. As a result, they go for petty and small jobs, such as daily wage labour and other less paid jobs. Hence, illiteracy increases poverty and this also compels persons to remain illiterate.
- Dependence on Agriculture : Indian farmers make themselves fully dependent upon the agriculture. But, absence and lack of knowledge in using modem techniques of agriculture has resulted in the inability of farmers to protect their fields from pests and animals, and hence, less production and less income.
- Irregular Employment : This is one of the major causes for poverty. Non-availability of proper employment leads to lowering the standard of living of people.
- Indebtness : Poverty is perhaps a major cause for rural indebtedness. The low level of rural incomes, the uncertain and primitive farming of small land holdings, makes it impossible to meet the needs required for their living. Often, the rural people take loans to meet these needs.
- Social Backwardness and Lack of Mobility : The lack of education in rural areas, lack of awareness and lack in the desire of making positive changes, create social backwardness and lack of mobility.
- Faulty PDS : Indian Public Distribution System (PDS) targets to provide subsidized essential commodities to economically weaker households. But this is also faulty. Ration is not distributed to the people on time and corruption prevails in this system also.
- Weakness of Development Strategy : Development strategies are made for large industries and businesses but not for the improvement of agriculture and social awareness, which results in the lack of employment. Even today, 55 per cent of the total population is dependent upon agriculture, and its contribution in GDP is 13.9 per cent.
- Low Agricultural Production : Absence and lack of knowledge in using modem techniques of agriculture has resulted in the inability of farmers to protect their fields from pests and animals. In India, during the British rule, there was no improvement done in agriculture. The Government did not render any assistance to the cultivators to use modem techniques of agriculture.
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