tion:1 ) INDUCTIVE EffectAboutWhen an electron-releasing or an electron-withdrawing species is introduced to a chain of atoms , the corresponding negative or positive charge is due to the atoms belonging to it. This causes a permanent dipole to arise in the molecule and is referred to as the inductive effect.ApplicationsIn deciding acidic strength of aliphatic carboxylic acids.Stability of alkyl carbocation, carbon free radicals and carboanions.ExamplesCl is electron-withdrawing by inductive effect in phenylchloride as Cl is very electronegative.2 ) Resonance About Resonance is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or ions by the combination of SEVERAL contributing structures ( canonical structures ) into a resonance hybrid ( hybrid structure) in valence BOND theory.Applications Resonance is that the more resonance structures a certain molecule has, the more stable The transition state in a chemical reactionExampleResonant BONDS between the carbon atoms of BENZENE rings.3 ) Hyper ConjugationAboutHyperconjugation is the stabilising interaction that results from the interaction of the electrons in a σ-bond with an adjacent empty or partially filled p-orbital or a π-orbital to give an extended molecular orbital that increases the stability of the system.ApplicationExplains stability of carbocationsExplains stability of free radicalsExplains stability of carbonyl groupExampleCH3-CH=CH2 is more stable and having higher heat than CH2=CH2