1.

Explain any two main constituents of Mughal socialcommunity.

Answer»

Solution :Following are the two main constituents of Mughalvillage socialcommunity.
1. Casteand the rural milieu :
(i)There was a direct connection between caste, POVERTY and socialstatus at the lower level ofthe society .
Unbridgeableinequities and inertness onthebasis of caste andothercaste like differences meant that the cultivators werea highly heterogeneous. AMONG those who preparedand CULTIVATED land for crops , there was a sizeable numberwho worked as menialsor agricultural labourers (majur).
(iii) Castes suchas the Ahirs, Gujarsand maliswentup in the hierarchy due to profitability of cattle-rearing and horticulture.
(IV)In spite of the abundance of cultivableland some caste groups were given menial tasks and thus pushed to poverty. In Muslims menials like the holalkhoran (Scavengers) were forced to live outside the boundariesof thevillage.
2. Panchayats and headmen :
(i)Muqaddamn or mandal was known as the headman of theheadman ofthe panchayat. The main function ofthe headman was to supervise the preparation of village accountsassisted by the patwari ofthe panchayat.
(ii) Thevillage panchayat was an assembly of elders often significantpeople of the village withhereditary rights over their property. The decisions taken by thesepanchayatswere binding on the members.
(iii) Panchayats had the rightto impose fines and expulsion from the community .Thedecision of the panchayat in conflicts between "lower-caste" peasants and state officials or the local zamindar coulddiffer from case to case.
(iv)Thepanchayat obtained its funds from contributions offered byindividuals. Usually, these funds were also used in construction of a bund or digginga canal which peasants often could not affordto do on their own.
(v) One of the most significant functions of the panchayatwas to ensure that caste boundaries among the different communities living in the village were upheld.


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