1.

Explain the agricultural practices followed by the cultivators to increase productivity from c. 600 BCE to 600 CE.

Answer»

Solution :The agriculture practies followed by cultivators to increaes productivity from c. 600 BCE to 600 CE.
(i) The shift to plough agriculture was one strategy spread in fertile ALLUVIAL river valleys-i.e. Gange Valley and KaveriValley from c. Sixth centaury BCE.
(ii) The use of iron tipped ploughshare turned the alluvial soil in areas, which had highrainfall.
(iii) Trnsplanation- this strategy was used for paddy cultivation in area where water was plentiful.
(iv) Broadcasting of seeds- Broadcastingof seeds strategy was used in paddy cultivation.
(v) Transplantation of saplings was used in waterlogged fields. This ensured a higher ratio of survival of saplings and higheryields
(vi) Use of hoe agriculture- In semi-arid parts of the COUNTRY such as Punjab, Rajasthan hilly tracts in the north eastern and central parts of the sub continent practiced hoe agriculture.
(vii) Use of irrigation strategies through wells, tanks and canals.
(viii) Communities as well as individuals organized the construction of irrigation works to increase production.
(ix) Land grants- a type of strategies adopted by ruling LINEAGES to extend agriculture to new areas Above strategies led to an increase in production but there was a growing differentation amongst people engaged in agriculture such as emergence of Gahapati (RICH peasants).
(Assess as a whole /OPEN ended answer. Candidate.s expresssion should be given due weight age).
(any eight points to be explained/ examined)


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