Cockpit Design and Human FactorsFoldTable of ContentsEarly Day CockpitsCockpit Layout (WW1 to 1980’s)Human Factors influence on cockpit design and LayoutsDesign Considerations for the Modern day CockpitAnthropometryIntroductionAnthropometry in AviationDesign eye position/ Eye DatumWorkspace ConstraintsPilot ComfortSafety HarnessDisplayDisplay designDisplay light and colourControl layout and designStandardisationShapes and coloursDirectionControl LoadingWarning SystemChecklistsGlass cockpit and AutomationConclusionThe evolution of cockpit design is credited to the advancement of Human Factors as a formal discipline. The definition of HF by Koonce (1979) reads “The study of the human’s capabilities, limitations, and behaviors and the integration of that knowledge into the systems we design for them with the goals of enhancing safety, performance, and the general well-being of the operators of the system”Early Day CockpitsThe very early generation of flying was based solely on see (visual) and feel and was a relatively physical task. Control of the aircraft was solely ‘stick’ and ‘rudder’ and was a manual operation. Therefore Cockpit design was very basic with very few instruments to provide the pilot with information on aircraft and engine performance, cockpits normally consisted of three or four major instruments and there were only controls for basic flight.Cockpit Layout (WW1 to 1980’s)During the war, flying advanced in that aircraft were required to fly without visual cues, such as at night or in cloud, furthermore pilots were not only required to maneuver the aircraft but to navigate, fire weapons, deliver troops and perform other various duties. As the requirement for increased roles for the pilot were increased, so were the number of controls and instruments in the cockpit. As written by Salas and Maurino (2010) “More and more information placed INSIDE the aircraft supplemented or replaced cues outside the aircraft”. This trend continued onto airliners up to the 1970’s until the number of instruments, knobs and controls outgrew the cockpit.The increased number of flight and engine instruments resulted in the contrary to what designers had intended. There was limited integration of controls and instruments, and instead of increasing awareness to the pilot, workload and stress levels were increased. Wiener and Nagel (1988) summarized that “crew system designs and flight station layouts have frequently ignored the limitations and capabilities of the human operator”.Human Factors influence on cockpit design and LayoutsThe complexity in instruments displaying aircraft systems and performance resulted in high stress levels and error rates. Examples of this were missed SIGNALS, misinterpreted information and limited detection and recognition of a number of instruments by the flight crew (WEINER and Nagel, 1988).Data shows that there was an increasing trend in the number of DISPLAYS (Instruments & gauges) up until the 1980’s where there was a sharp decrease (Wiener & Nagel, 1988). The reduction of the number of instruments in cockpit designs coincided with the perception and human information processing focus that dominated the HF era in aviation around that same time (Salas and Maurino, 2010). It also coincided with the introduction of next generation aircraft such as the Boeing 757/767 and A310. In modern next generation cockpits the studies of these HF topics are reflected in design. There is not only a significant reduction in the number of instruments but the display of information in the form of glass cockpits reflects the improved understanding of the human cognitive PROCESS and the application to this in design of the systems (the objective of HF).Design Considerations for the Modern day CockpitAnthropometryIntroductionAnthropometry, which literally translates to ‘measure of man’, is the science of measuring human individuals (Aghazadeh, 1994[3]).Measurements can be in the form ofStatic measurements: Measurements when the body is still. (e.g. sitting height)Dynamic measurements: Measurements when the body is moving (e.g. a pilot’s reach envelope for the overhead panels)Contour measurements: Measurements of the body (e.g. head circumference or waist size)Explanation:Please Mark me As Brainliest