Explain the term nucleophile. Give examples.

1.	Explain the term nucleophile. Give examples.
Answer» i. The species which donate (give away) electron pairs to the substrate during the reaction are called nucleophiles. ii. Since, nucleophiles are electron rich species, they donate a pair of electrons to acceptor atoms and thus, they are nucleus seeking (or nucleus loving) species. iii. e.g. a. Negatively charged nucleophiles: OH^-, CN^- , Cl^- , Br^- , etc. b. Neutral species containing at least one lone pair of electrons: H₂O, NH₃ , H₂S, R – OH, R – NH₂ , R – OR, etc. iv. A polyatomic nucleophile has an electron rich atom in it called the nucleophilic centre. e.g. The nucleophilic centre of the nucleophile H₂O is ‘O’ which has two lone pairs of electrons.

Answer»

i. The species which donate (give away) electron pairs to the substrate during the reaction are called nucleophiles.

ii. Since, nucleophiles are electron rich species, they donate a pair of electrons to acceptor atoms and thus, they are nucleus seeking (or nucleus loving) species.

iii. e.g. a. Negatively charged nucleophiles:

OH^-, CN^- , Cl^- , Br^- , etc.

b. Neutral species containing at least one lone pair of electrons:

H₂O, NH₃ , H₂S, R – OH, R – NH₂ , R – OR, etc.

iv. A polyatomic nucleophile has an electron rich atom in it called the nucleophilic centre.

e.g. The nucleophilic centre of the nucleophile H₂O is ‘O’ which has two lone pairs of electrons.

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