(a) Formation of Hydrogen molecule (H₂ ) (Non-polar covalent compound).

Atom ₁¹H – it needs one electron to achieve a stable configuration

1. Electron Dot Structure

2. Atomic or orbit structural diagram

(b) Formation of Chlorine (Cl₂ ) (non-polar covalent compound)

Chlorine atom Cl electronic configuration (2,8,7)— It needs one electron to attain stable configuration

1. Electron Dot Structure

2. Atomic or orbit structural diagram 

(c) Formation of Oxygen molecule (O₂) 

Oxygen atom  ₈¹⁶O electronic configuration 2,6 When two oxygen atoms contributes two electrons so as to have two shared pair of electrons between them hereby both atoms attain stable octet structure resulting in the formation of double bond [O = O] between them.

1. Electron Dot Structure

2. Atomic or orbit structural diagram 

(d)  Formation of Nitrogen Molecule (N₂ ) (non-polar covalent compound) Nitrogen electronic configuration (2,5). When two nitrogen atoms come close, each contributes three electrons to share to attain stable octet structure resulting in formation of triple bond (N = N) – N₂ .

1. Electron Dot Structure

2. Atomic or orbit structural diagram

(e) Formation of Water molecule (H₂O) Hydrogen ¹₁H electronic structure 1.

Oxygen ₈¹⁶O electronic structure 6 needs two electrons to complete octet. When a molecule of water is formed, each of two hydrogen atoms share one electron pair with oxygen atom.

1. Electron Dot Structure

2. Atomic or orbit structural diagram 

(f) Formation of Methane moleucle (CH₄ ) Carbon atom ₁₂⁶C electronic configuration (2,4) Hydrogen ₁¹H

When a molecule of methane is formed one atom of C shares four electron pairs, one with each of four atoms of Hydrogen

1. Electron Dot Structure

2. Atomic or orbit structural diagram 

(g) Formation of Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl₄) Carbon ₁₂⁶C (2,4) Carbon needs- four electrons to attain – stable octet. Chlorine ³⁵₁₇Cl (2,8,7) Chlorine needs – one electron to attain – stable octet.

1. Electron Dot Structure

2. Atomic Or orbit Structural Diagram

(h) Formation of Ammonia molecule (NH₃)

Electronic configuration of H (Z = 1) and N (Z = 7) are

K L

H(Z= 1): 1,

N(Z=7):2 5

Hydrogen has one electron in its outermost shell and nitrogen has five electrons in its outermost shell.

1. Electron dot diagram 

2. Atomic or orbital structural diagram 

(i) Atomic or orbital structural diagram 

Carbon – C (2,4) Carbon needs- four electrons to attain – stable octet. Oxygen O (2, 6) Oxygen needs – two electron to attain – stable octet.

1. Electron Dot Structure

2. Atomic or orbit structural diagram