(a) Objectives of Moderates: The ultimate objective of the Moderates was to bring constitutional and other reforms in India by presenting their demands before the British in peaceful way. 

Achievements of Moderates: 

1. The moderates saved the Indian masses from being misled. They succeeded in creating national awakening by arousing among people the feeling that they belonged to one common nation India. 

2. They popularized the idea of democracy and civil liberties and representative institution. 

The efforts of the moderates led to the following reforms : The appointment of Public Service Commission in 1886, Simultaneous ICS Examination in London and India, Appointment of 10 to 16 Additional members which were nominated to the G.Gs Council for Law making, The Government come out with the Indian Council Act in 1892 which was an improvement of the Act of 1861 due to the pressure put by the moderates. 

Objectives of Radical nationalists: They believed in the ultimate objective of Swaraj or self-rule. They wanted to put pressure on England through revolutionary methods and political agitation. 

Achievements of Radicals : 

(i) They specified the goal of the national struggle for achieving total independence. 

(ii) They tried to cripple the administration by using methods of non-cooperation and boycott. 

(b) Forerunner—Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Tilak is known as the forerunner of Mahatma Gandhi because the plank of Swadeshi and Boycott used by Gandhiji decades later had been introduced by Tilak. Like Gandhiji he too believed in the strength of the masses and wanted to include all classes of the society to make the National movement strong. Although Tilak was the forerunner of Gandhi yet he differed in respect of methods in achieving goal. While Tilak wanted to use all means to achieve his goal but Gandhiji did not advocate the use of force or violence to achieve the goals. 

(c) Repressive Policies of Lord Curzon: 

(i) The Act of 1898 made it an offence to provoke people against imperial riders. 

(ii) In 1899, Lord Curzon passed the Calcutta Corporation Act by which he increased the number of Englishmen on the list of official members of the corporation. 

International Events : The feelings of nationalism were reinforced by certain events in the international sphere. In 1896, the Italian forces which tried to establish their military control over the freedom loving Abyssinians of Ethiopia were defeated. Japan successfully resisted the Russian onslaught in 1904-1905. This showed that Asians could defeat the European powers. In Russia, revolutionaries challenged the Czarist autocracy in 1905, thereby demonstrating the potential of peoples unity. The Boxer Rising in China against imperialist domination was another example of the courage of subjugated people. The revolutionary movements in Egypt, Turkey and Ireland were also followed with deep interest by the radical section in India. All these events made them realise that imperialism could be crushed, provided the people were united.