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"Garibaldi" redirects here. For other uses, see Garibaldi (disambiguation) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (disambiguation).

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Gebrüder Alinari - Giuseppe Garibaldi (Zeno Fotografie).jpg

Garibaldi in 1866

Member of the Chamber of Deputies

of the Kingdom of Italy

In office

18 February 1861 – 2 June 1882

Dictator of Sicily

In office

17 May 1860 – 4 November 1860

Minister of War

of the Roman Republic

In office

9 February 1849 – 25 April 1849

Personal details

Born Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi

4 July 1807

Nice, French Empire

Died 2 June 1882 (aged 74)

Caprera, Kingdom of Italy

Nationality Italian

Political party  

Young Italy (1831–1848)

Action Party (1848–1867)

Historical Left (1867–1877)

Extreme Left (1877–1882)

Spouse(s)  

Anita Garibaldi ​(m. 1842)​

Giuseppina Raimondi ​(m. 1860)​

Francesca Armosino ​(m. 1880)​

Children Menotti, Ricciotti, and 6 others

Signature  

Military service

Allegiance  

List of allegiances

Branch  

Royal Sardinian Army

Royal Italian Army

Service years 1835–1871

Rank General

Commands  

Hunters of the Alps

International Legion

Army of the Vosges

Wars Ragamuffin War

Uruguayan Civil War

Italian Unification Wars

Franco-Prussian War

Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi (/ˌɡærɪˈbɔːldi/ GARR-ib-AWL-dee, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi] (About this soundlisten);[note 1] 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot and republican. He contributed to the Italian unification and the CREATION of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered to be one of the greatest generals of modern times[1] and one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini.[2] Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.[3]

Garibaldi was a follower of the Italian nationalist Mazzini and EMBRACED the republican nationalism of the Young Italy movement.[4] He became a supporter of Italian unification under a DEMOCRATIC republican government; however, breaking with Mazzini, he pragmatically allied himself with the monarchist Cavour and Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the struggle for independence, subordinating his republican ideals to his nationalist ones until Italy was unified. After participating in an uprising in Piedmont, he was sentenced to death, but he escaped by sailing to South America and spent 14 years in exile, taking part in several wars and learning the art of guerrilla warfare.[5] In 1835 he joined the rebels known as the Ragamuffins (Farrapos), in the Ragamuffin War in Brazil, and took up their cause of establishing the Riograndense Republic and later the Catarinense Republic. Garibaldi also became involved in the Uruguayan Civil War, raising an Italian force known as Redshirts and is still celebrated as an important contributor to Uruguay's reconstitution.

In 1848, Garibaldi returned to Italy and commanded and fought in military campaigns that eventually led to Italian unification. The provisional government of Milan made him a general and the Minister of War PROMOTED him to General of the Roman Republic in 1849. When the war of independence broke out in April 1859, he led his Hunters of the Alps in the capture of major cities in Lombardy, including Varese and Como, and reached the frontier of South Tyrol; the war ENDED with the acquisition of Lombardy. The following year, he led the Expedition of the Thousand on behalf of and with the consent of Victor Emmanuel II. The expedition was a success and concluded with the annexation of Sicily, Southern Italy, Marche and Umbria to the Kingdom of Sardinia before the creation of a unified Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861. His last military campaign took place during the Franco-Prussian War as commander of the Army of the Vosges.

Garibaldi became an international figurehead for national independence and republican ideals, and is considered by the twentieth-century historiography and popular culture as the main Italian national hero.[6][7] He was showered with admiration and praise by many intellectuals and political figures, including Abraham Lincoln,[8] William Brown,[9] Francesco de Sanctis, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, George Sand, Charles Dickens,[10] Friedrich Engels[11] and Che Guevara.[12] Historian A. J. P. Taylor called him "the only wholly admirable figure in modern history".[13] In the popular telling of his story, he is associated with the red shirts that his volunteers, the Garibaldini, wore in lieu of a uniform.

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