(i) Reducing sugar possess a free aldehyde (–CHO) and ketone (–C = 0) group while non-reducing have no free aldehyde and ketone group. 

(ii) Plants produced from pollen grains or egg cells of ovules are called haploid plants. Plants produced from endosperm are called triploid plants. 

(iii) Lac-operon is under negative gene control. Trp-operon is under positive gene control. 

(iv) Blunt ends : Some restriction enzymes cut both the strands of a DNA molecule at the same site so that the resulting termini or ends have blunt or flush ends in which the two strands end at the same point.

Sticky ends : Most of the restriction enzymes produce staggered cuts in which the two strands of DNA double helix are cleaved at different locations producing two protuding end (3′ or 5′) called cohesive or sticky ends. They readily pair with each other under annealing conditions. When fragments generated by a single restriction enzyme from different DNA are mixed they join together due to their sticky’ ends. 

(v) Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Colorimetry involves the estimation of the concentration of a colored substance in a solution by comparing the intensity’ or depth of its color with that of a solution having known concentration of the substance while passing visible light of the same intensity through both the solutions.