1.

Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow: “…. the Indians who actively worked for the creation of an all-India political organization represented new social forces that were increasingly opposed to the exploitation of India for British interests. They needed an organization that would fight for India’s political and economic advancement. ” —From “Freedom Struggle”.(a) (i) In the context of the above, identify the two individuals in Pictures 1 and 2, who were the early leaders of the organization to be formed. (ii) How did the person in Picture 1 explain the economic exploitation of India for British interest ?(b) Name the organization which was to be formed. What were the objectives behind the formation of this political body ?(c) Explain the major ideological differences which emerged amongst the leaders within the first twenty years of the foundation of this organization.

Answer»

(a) (i) Picture 1: Dada Bhai Naoroji and Picture 

2: Gopal Krishna Gokhale. 

(ii) He criticized British rule for its bad effect on Indian economy. Through his famous ‘Drain Theory’ Dada Bhai Naoroji explained how India’s wealth was being taken away to England in these forms: 

1. Salaries payable to the members of the India Council. 

2. Dispatch of savings to England by British personnel posted in India. 

3. Pensions to British Officers. 

4. Payments to the war office for the maintenance of British troops in India. 

5. The Indian National Congress was to be formed. The objectives were as follows: 

1. To enable national workers from all parts of India to become personally known to each other. 

2. To end all racial, religious and provincial prejudices and to promote a feeling of national unity among all lovers of the country. 

3. The formulation of popular demands on vital Indian problems and their presentation before the government. 

4. To train and organise public opinion in the country.

(c) With in the first twenty years of the foundation of Indian National Congress, two groups of leaders—Moderates and Extremists emerged. Major differences in which are :

S,noModeratesExtremists
1The Moderates felt that Britishers had respect for the ideas of freedom and would accept the just demands of Indians.The extremists believed that Britishers were selfish and would not accept the demands of Indians.
2.They believed peaceful methods of expressing themselves in society.They believed that Britishers would only understand through harsh and extreme ways.
3.They said it was necessary to express their demands and make the British government aware of the feelings of the Indians through speeches and petitions.They said that people must rely on their own strength and not on the ‘good’ intentions of the Britishers.


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