1.

Read the following extract carefully andanswer the questions that follow :TheAin on land revenue collection :Let him (the amil-guzar) not makeit a practce of taking only in cash butalso in kind .The latter is effected in several ways. First, kankut: in the Hindilanguage kan signifies grain, and kut, estimates. . . If any doubts arise, the crops shouldbe cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling andthe inferior, and the hesitation shouldbe removed. Often, too, the land takenby appraisement, gives a sufficiently accurate return. Secondly, batai, also called bhaoli , the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreementin the presenceof theparties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required ,otherwise the evil-minded and false are given to deception. Thirdly, khet-batai, when they divide the fields after they are sown. Fourthly, lang batai, after cuttingthe grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselves, and each takes his share home and turns it to profit.1. Explain the kankut system of land revenue.2. Howwas the land revenue assessed in thecase of batai or bhaoli?3. Do you think that the land revenue system of the Mughalswasflexible ?

Answer»

Solution :1. Kankut system signifies grain estimates.Ifany doubt arises, thecrop should be cut and estimated in three lots - thegood, the middling and the inferior and the hesitation should be removed.
2. Batai also called BHAOLI, the cropsare reaped and divided by agreement in thepresence of the parties.
3. Yes, it was flexible.
i. Mughal State tried to first acquire specific information aboutthe extent of the AGRICULTURE lands in empire and what these lands produced before FIXING the burden of taxesonpeople.
ii. First tax assessment - (Jama) was made and then actual collection - (Hasil)
III. The option of PAYING in cash or kind was available to farmers.
iv. The lands were actually measured and then the assessment of revenue made .
(Any two points to be examined)
(Any other relevantPoints)


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