1. If you suspect that someone has a broken bone, provide first-aid treatment and help them get professional care:

Stop any bleeding:If they’re bleeding, elevate and apply pressure to the wound using a sterile bandage, a clean cloth, or a clean piece of clothing.Immobilize the injured area:If you suspect they’ve broken a bone in their neck or back, help them stay as still as possible. If you suspect they’ve broken a bone in one of their limbs, immobilize the area using a splint or sling.Apply cold to the area:Wrap an ice pack or bag of ice cubes in a piece of cloth and apply it to the injured area for up to 10 minutes at a time.Treat them for shock:Help them get into a comfortable position, encourage them to rest, and reassure them. Cover them with a blanket or clothing to keep them warm.Get professional help:Call the ambulance Hutu or help them get to the emergency department for professional care.

2. To manage a nosebleed include:Reassure the person, especially children, as crying increases blood flow.Sit the person up straight and drop their head slightlyforward.Apply finger and thumb pressure on the soft part of nostrils below the bridge of the nose for at least 10 minutes.Encourage the person to breathe through their mouth while their nostrils are pinched.Loosen tight clothing around the neck.Place a cold cloth or cold pack over the person’s forehead and one around the neck, especially around the sides of the neck.After 10 minutes, release the pressure on the nostrils and check to see if the bleeding has stopped.If bleeding persist, seek medical aid.Tell the person not to sniff or blow their nose for at least 15 minutes and not to pick their nose for the rest of the day. (Having a nose full of clotted blood is unpleasant and children in particular may find it difficult to avoid sniffing or nose blowing for a few hours. Fifteen minutes will at least give some time for the clot to stabilise.)You should go to the doctor or a hospital emergency department if the bleeding does not stop after simple first aid management. It is important to find and treat the cause of ongoing bleeding.

3. Treating Dehydration

1. Take Fluids

Ask your doctor what fluids are best for you or your child. Here are some basic tips:Give an adult plenty of clear fluid, like fruit juices, soda, sports drinks and clear broth. Avoid milk or milk-based products, alcohol, apple juice, andcaffeinewhile you havediarrheaand for 3 to 5 days after you get better. They may make diarrhea worse.Give a child orinfantfrequent sips of a rehydration solution such asPedialyte, CeraLyte, or Infalyte. Do not add salt tablets to a baby’s bottle.Make sure the person drinks more fluids than they are losing through diarrhea. If they are unable to keep up with their losses, call a doctor.

2. Rest

Have the person rest as needed and avoid strenuousexercise. Keep a sick child home from school orday care.

3. Ease Into EatingFeed aninfantor child easily digested foods; theBRAT diet(bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast) is a good choice as soon as they can tolerate food.For an adult, add semisolid and low-fiber foods gradually as diarrhea stops. Avoid spicy, greasy, or fatty foods.

3. When to Call a Doctor

Call a doctor if:You suspect that you or your child is dehydrated.Aninfant3 months old or younger hasvomitingor diarrhea.There isbloodor mucus in the stool, or the stool is black.An over-the-counter diarrhea medication seems to have worsened the diarrhea.You think the person hastraveler’s diarrheaor drank contaminated water.The person is taking an antibiotic that may be causing the diarrhea.There is stomach pain that is not relieved by having abowel movement.There is a fever.The person is losing more fluid in his stool than he can replace by drinking fluids.

4. To care for a dog bite injury at home:

Place a clean towel over the injury to stop any bleeding.Try to keep the injured area elevated.Wash the bite carefully with soap and water.Apply a sterile bandage to the wound.Apply antibiotic ointment to the injury every day to prevent infection.

5. For All Burns

1. Stop Burning Immediately

Put out fire or stop the person's contact with hot liquid, steam, or other material.Help the person "stop, drop, and roll" to smother flames.Remove smoldering material from the person.Remove hot or burned clothing. If clothing sticks to skin, cut or tear around it.

2. Remove Constrictive Clothing Immediately

Take off jewelry, belts, and tight clothing. Burns can swell quickly.

Then take the following steps:

For First-Degree Burns (Affecting Top Layer of Skin)

1. Cool Burn

Hold burned skin under cool (not cold) running water or immerse in cool water until pain subsides.Use compresses if running water isn’t available.

2. Protect Burn

Cover with sterile, non-adhesive bandage or clean cloth.Do not apply butter or ointments, which can cause infection.

3. Treat Pain

Give over-the-counter pain reliever such asibuprofen(Advil,Motrin),acetaminophen(Tylenol), ornaproxen(Aleve).