Why lanthanum, gadolinium and lutetium show different electronic confi

1.	Why lanthanum, gadolinium and lutetium show different electronic configurations?
Answer» i. It is observed that lanthanum, gadolinium and lutetium show different electronic configuration because the 5d and 4f-orbitals are nearly of the same energy and the distinction between the two is difficult. ii. Due to this, some extra stability is achieved when the 4f is half-filled and completely filled so the next electron goes in 5d-orbital instead of 4f-orbital. 5d orbital contains one electron in 5d subshell in case of La, Gd and Lu while it is empty in case of other lanthanoids. iii. f⁰ , f⁷ and f¹⁴ configurations have extra stability due to empty, half filled and completely filled f orbitals respectively. iv. The electronic configuration of ₅₇La, ₆₄Gd and ₇₁Lu in +3 oxidation state are as follows: La⁺³ : [Xe] 4f⁰ ; Gd⁺³ : [Xe] 4f⁷ ; Lu⁺³ : [Xe] 4f¹⁴.

Why lanthanum, gadolinium and lutetium show different electronic configurations?

Answer»

i. It is observed that lanthanum, gadolinium and lutetium show different electronic configuration because the 5d and 4f-orbitals are nearly of the same energy and the distinction between the two is difficult.

ii. Due to this, some extra stability is achieved when the 4f is half-filled and completely filled so the next electron goes in 5d-orbital instead of 4f-orbital. 5d orbital contains one electron in 5d subshell in case of La, Gd and Lu while it is empty in case of other lanthanoids.

iii. f⁰ , f⁷ and f¹⁴ configurations have extra stability due to empty, half filled and completely filled f orbitals respectively.

iv. The electronic configuration of ₅₇La, ₆₄Gd and ₇₁Lu in +3 oxidation state are as follows:

La⁺³ : [Xe] 4f⁰ ;

Gd⁺³ : [Xe] 4f⁷ ;

Lu⁺³ : [Xe] 4f¹⁴.

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