(a) (i) The British had projected the Indians as immatured and uncivilised. 

(ii) British considered Indians were unfit to rule themselves. It made Indians to lose their sense of self confidence. 

(iii) Just around this time European scholars rendered valuable help in restoring the rich heritage of Sanskrit Literature. 

(iv) William Jones, Charles Wilking and Max Mueller rendered valuable help in restoring the rich heritage of Sanskrit Literature and threw open to the eastern world the magnificence of Indian philosophy and culture. 

(v) The works of these scholars aroused nationalistic passions against foreign rulers. 

(vi) Sir Alexander Cunningham’s excavations at Samath, Sanchi and other places brought to light the glory of the past. A feeling grew among Indians that they must build an Indian yet greater than what she has been.

(b) Bipin Chandra Pal was one of the Extremist trio of Lai, Bal and Pal. 

1. He joined the Congress in 1887 and made a forceful speech in Madras to repeal the Arms Act. 

2. He edited many newspapers including NEW INDIA which he started in 1901. 

3. During the Anti-Partition Movement he toured several parts of the country with the message of Boycott and Swadeshi. 

4. In Bande Mataram Sedition Case, Pal did not give testimony against . Aurobindo Ghose and preferred to serve Jail sentence. 

5. In 1918, Pal along with Tilak went to England as Members of Home Rule League. 

6. Bipin Chandra Pal did not support Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement and wanted some stern measures to be taken against the British rulers. 

7. He laid great stress on cultural unity than political unity. Bipin Chandra Pal was a great thinker and fiery speaker. He gave fiery and inspiring lectures in Bengal So that the British gave him the title of ‘Arch seditionist’. He was popularly known as the “Father of Revolutionary Thought in India.” 

(c) Initially the British welcomed the formation of Indian National Congress. In fact a retired British civil servant Mr. A.O. Hume was its founder. It was felt by the British rulers that the suppressed anger or popular demands of the Indians can be given a safe outlet through a political platform. This will prevent the recurrence of revolt from the Indians. 

The first session of the Indian National Congress was attended by Sir Henry Cotton, the chief secretary to the Government and Sir William Wedderbum of the civil services. The second session of I.N.C. was attended by Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy. But the rising popularity of the Congress and the increasing demands of the Nationalists from the British rulers led to a change in the British policy towards the Congress. Gradually, the British government became indifferent to the meetings and demands of the Congress. Later it became hostile to Congress. All the British government servants were directed to keep distance from the activities of the Congress. 

In 1887, Dufferin affected the Congress as a “Microscopic minority of the people” and called the demands of the Congress as “eminently unconstitutional”. The Indian National Congress was declared as a seditions body and official hurdles were created to obstruct its progress.