1. Shimla Agreement

(i) India tried to solve Indo-Pak conflict bi-laterally. The Shimla Agreement of 1972 was based on these principles. 

(ii) Pakistan considers Kashmir as the biggest hurdle in establishing relations with India.

(iii) The first Indo-Pak war took place in 1965, over Kashmir. The Tashkent Agreement was signed in 1966, but nothing much came out of it.

(iv) Even though the 1971 war was about the creation of Bangladesh, it also had the dimension of the Kashmir problem to it.

(v) The Shimla Agreement in 1972 provided a new format to the interaction between India and Pakistan.

2. Indo-Nepalese Friendship Treaty

(i) The foundation of friendship between India and Nepal was laid with Indo-Nepalese Friendship Treaty in 1950.

(ii) According to this treaty, Nepalese citizens can not only enter India, but they are also permitted to take up government jobs and carry on trade in India. 

(iii) The year 1990 marked the beginning of Nepal’s transition to democracy. 

(iv) Nepal is dependent upon India for economic progress, basic facilities, food related needs, trade and energy needs. 

(v) India sent a lot of help to Nepal at the time of the 2015 earthquake.

3. MacMahon Line

(i) The conflict between India and China is connected to two issues 

• Border issue 
• The status of Tibet 

(ii) The border dispute between India and China is related to Aksai Chin area and the Macmahon line. 

(iii) China claims that the area South of Aksai Chin and Macmahon line (Arunachal Pradesh) is Chinese Territory. 

(iv) China is not willing to agree that Macmahon Line is an international border. 

(v) India made several efforts to sort this border dispute by means of dialogue, but it has not met with much success.

(vi) In 1962, China attacked India.

4. Indo-Afghanistan Relation

(i) There is a lot of political instability in Afghanistan. 

(ii) The dominance of the terrorist organisation, Taliban is responsible for this. 

(iii) India has extended help to bring peace, security and stability, curb violence and establish a democratic government. 

(iv) Similarly, India is also helping Afghanistan in reestablishing communication facilities that have got destroyed due to war, build roads, cooperate in the fields of science and technology, build schools, health facilities and irrigation projects.