(a) Marketing operates within the framework of total environment which comprises economic, social, legal, political and other forces. Marketing is required in business as well as in social and other organisations. 

(b) Promotion Mix consists of all the. activities aimed at persuading customers to buy the product. 

The various elements of promotion mix are: 

1. Advertising. 

2. Personal Selling. 

3. Sales Promotion. 

4. Publicity. 

(c) 1. Salesmanship involves direct, personal or face-to-face contact between the seller or his representative and the buyers. 

2. It involves contact with a limited number of persons.

(d) The need for communication between business enterprises and their public is being increasingly recognised. Public relations functions is required to bridge this communication gap.

(e) 1. The labour which can be wholly and directly identified with a particular product is called direct labour whereas indirect labour means the labour which cannot be wholly and directly identified with a particular product. 

2. Direct labour includes labour engaged in actual production of the product whereas indirect labour is the labour employed for performing tasks incidental to manufacture.