1.The second half of the 19th century witnessed the full flowering of national political consciousness and the growth of an organised national movement in India.

The year 1885 marks the beginning of a new epoch in Indian History. Indian National Congress was founded in December 1885 by seventy-two political workers. It was the first organised expression of Indian Nationalism on an all-India scale.

The rise and growth of nationalism in India has been traditionally explained in terms of Indian response to the stimulus generated by the British Raj through the creation of new institutions, new opportunities, etc.

2.Moderates were the early nationalists, with moderate views. They had fair moderate demands, some of which are listed below:

1. Constitutional Reforms: They wanted the Legislative Council to be expanded.

They wanted more Indians to be recruited in all government jobs.

They wanted the ICS examination to be held in India and England simultaneously.

They wanted the complete separation of the Judiciary from the Executive.

2. Economic reforms: They urged for the reduction of land revenue.

They gave petitions to the government so that loans may be given to farmers for agricultural benefit.

They wanted yo reduce the money to be spent on defense, so that it could be utilized in education and health.

3. Administrative reforms: They wanted to reduce the official control over the local bodies like municipalities and an increase in the power of municipalities to solve fairly big cases.

However, the moderates never held arms against the British. They had immense faith In British sense of justice and fair play.