Explanation:There has been considerable hope put on biotechnology and nanotechnology. Biotechnology deals with applications of living organism to IMPROVE human initiatives. When we talk of biotechnology in India, we tend to talk primarily of its use in health and agricultural sectors. In medicine, it would mean better and cheaper MEDICINES, new therapies to deal with ageold adversaries like cancer, vaccinations and diagnostics. In agriculture, the expectations are in terms of developing higher yielding seeds by manipulating the very GENES of plants, bio pesticides and bio-fertilizers, and food preservation and PROCESSING. Food preservation is essential as we still lose almost 30% of our food grain production a year due to poor storage facilities. Nanotechnology, on the other hand, is a relatively u n e x p l o r e d a r e a w i t h only government-funded research so far. But the hopes associated with it are great. Nanotechnology is a technology of very small scales—a thousand times smaller than the thickness of a human hair. At such scales, though the basic nature of matter remains the same, a lot of structural flaws can be removed making things stronger, catalysts more efficient and medicines working faster. The current goal is to DIRECT nanotechnology research to enhance agricultural productivity by helping genetic improvements, treatment of polluted water resources, and making crops more resistant to pest or insect attacks. In future, we could have nano particlesbased insecticides where we would need to spray just a small quantity of it over an entire hectare. There are several hurdles to be overcome before these goals can be achieved, especially assessment of long-term use of nanotechnology and biotechnology on human health. Today, India seems to be on the right track and the future looks promising