Plaster of ParisPlaster of Paris is a chemical compound consisting of fine white powder, which hardens when exposed to moisture and allowed to dry. Its chemical formula of Plaster of Paris is CaSO4.1/2H2O and is better known as calcium sulfate hemihydrate.Plaster of ParisRepresentation of use of Plaster of ParisPreparation of Plaster of ParisPlaster of Paris is synthesized from gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O). When gypsum is heated at 373 K, it loses its water molecules to become calcium sulphate (plaster of Paris).CaSO4.2H2O → CaSO4.1/2H2O + 3/2H2OUses of Plaster of ParisPlaster of Paris is used by doctors for supporting fractured bones in the right position.It is used for MAKING toys and decorative materials.It is also used for increasing SMOOTHNESS of surfaces.2. Washing SodaWashing soda is a whitish, odourless powder. Its chemical formula is Na2CO3 and is better known as SODIUM carbonate. It is hygroscopic in nature that is, it absorbs moisture from the air. It is highly soluble in water and forms strongly alkaline water solution.Washing SodaWashing Soda as a white powderPreparation of Washing SodaWashing soda is synthesized through Solvay’s process. Solvay’s process involves the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia and carbon dioxide in water. Carbon dioxide involved is produced through calcium carbonate and the calcium oxide left is used in recovering ammonia from ammonium chloride.At first, sodium bicarbonate is OBTAINED which is then converted to sodium carbonate on heating. Finally, washing soda is produced by recrystallization of sodium carbonate.NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2Na2CO3 + 10H2O → Na2CO3.10H2OUses of Washing SodaWashing soda is used for removing burnt-on grease from kitchen utensils.It is prominently used in soap, glass and paper industries.It also helps in the removal of permanent hardness of the water.It acts as a raw material in the manufacturing of various sodium compounds, for example, borax.3. Baking SodaBaking soda is a white crystalline compound with a slightly salty taste. Its chemical formula is NaHCO3 and is generally known as sodium bicarbonate.Baking SodaBaking Soda – a white crystalline compoundPreparation of Baking SodaBaking soda is synthesized through Solvay’s process. Solvay’s process involves the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia and carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide involved is produced through calcium carbonate and the calcium oxide left is used in recovering ammonia from ammonium chloride. Finally, sodium bicarbonate is produced as one of the end products.NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3  → NH4Cl + NaHCO3Uses of Baking SodaIt is used in making soft and fluffy bread and CAKES due to the production of carbon dioxide when it is heated or mixed in water.NaHCO3 + H+   → CO2 + H2O + sodium salt of acidIt is used for making soda-acid fire extinguisher.It is used as an ingredient in the manufacturing of antacids.