Prepare in Advance Use a pre-surgical checklist to ensure that necessary supplies (instruments, drugs, syringes, clipper, scrub, suture, heating pads, ETC.) are available and preparatory steps completed before beginning surgery. Arrange to have help available during the surgery. While it is not impossible to perform surgical procedures alone, it is extremely difficult to do them well. A ‘non-sterile’ assistant should be used whenever possible. The surgeon should have a thorough understanding of the surgical procedure and practice on inanimate models and/or cadaver ANIMALS before USING live animals whenever possible. Use Aseptic Technique Aseptic technique encompasses all procedures designed to prevent the introduction of microbial contamination into the surgical wound. Failure to use correct aseptic technique may result in post-operative wound infections, animal suffering and invalid research data. Aseptic technique includes: The use of sterile instruments Appropriate surgical preparation of the patient The use of sterile gloves and appropriate attire Appropriate location for conducting the surgery Maintenance of sterility throughout the surgical procedure Handle Tissues Gently Handle living tissue as gently as possible during surgery. Rough handling or crushing of tissues will lead to swelling, inflammation and post-operative pain and discomfort for the animal. Develop your surgical technique by practicing on inanimate models and/or cadaver animals before proceeding to live animals.   Use Appropriate Anesthetic and Monitoring General anesthesia is required during surgery. Anesthesia MUST be deep enough that the animal cannot feel pain yet not so deep that breathing and heart function are compromised. Respiration, cardiac function and anesthetic depth must be regularly monitored while the animal is anesthetized. Exactly how this is done will depend on the species of animal and type of surgical procedure. Post-Operative Care Post-operatively, animals must be kept warm and monitored closely to ensure they recover from general anesthesia. Appropriate ANALGESIC medications must be administered as needed. For 7 to 14 days after surgery, daily observation and evaluation is necessary to ensure there are no surgical complications (such as infection, bleeding, or poor wound healing) or unnecessary pain and distress. Complete surgical and post-operative records are required.thank u, hope it helps u,by pravallika.