Differentiate between Hard Acids and Soft Acids.

1.	Differentiate between Hard Acids and Soft Acids.
Answer» Hard Acids : (i) It includes ions of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, lighter transition metals in higher oxidation states. Ex: Ti⁴⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, CO³⁺ and H⁺. (ii) Small size, high polarising power, high electronegativity and high positive oxidation state are the characteristic features of hard acids. (iii) Their outer electrons or orbitals are not easily distorted. Soft Acids : (i) It includes ions of the heavier transition metals and those in lower oxidation states. E x . Cu⁺ , Ag⁺ , Hg₂²⁺, Pd²⁺, Pt²⁺ and Hg²⁺. (ii) They are large sized and their outer electrons or orbitals are easily distorted. They have low polarising power and low electronegativity.

Answer»

Hard Acids :

(i) It includes ions of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, lighter transition metals in higher oxidation states.

Ex: Ti⁴⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, CO³⁺ and H⁺.

(ii) Small size, high polarising power, high electronegativity and high positive oxidation state are the characteristic features of hard acids.

(iii) Their outer electrons or orbitals are not easily distorted.

Soft Acids :

(i) It includes ions of the heavier transition metals and those in lower oxidation states.

E x . Cu⁺ , Ag⁺ , Hg₂²⁺, Pd²⁺, Pt²⁺ and Hg²⁺.

(ii) They are large sized and their outer electrons or orbitals are easily distorted. They have low polarising power and low electronegativity.

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