Answer:

1. Parent Material: It is deposited by streams or DERIVED from in-situ weathering. In this stage, soil inherits MANY properties like mineral composition, color, particle size, and chemical ELEMENTS. For example- Black soil derives its colour from lava rock.

2. Climate: It is one of the important factors in the formation of soil because it affects the rate of weathering of the parent rock.

3. Role of Precipitation: The variability in the precipitation modifies the composition of the soil. For Example- Areas with little rainfall and a HIGH rate of evaporation led to the accumulation of salts in the soil. The soils underlying tropical rain forests tend to be nutrient-poor because of intensive leaching due to heavy rains.

4. Role of temperature: It also plays an important role because fluctuations in temperature causes shrinking and swelling, frost action, and general weathering in soil.

5. Topography (Relief, Altitude, and Slope): It is considered a passive factor in modifying the EFFECTS of climate because it affects soil processes, soil distribution, and the type of vegetation.