The background behind the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885: 

1. Centralisation of administration : 

1. The uniform policies, identical reforms and equality before law brought the nation under one roof. 2. The network of roads and railways brought the people of India together.

3. It developed the feeling of unity among Indians.

2. Economic exploitation : 

1. The economic exploitation of India through the imperialistic policies led to the drain of the Indian wealth to England. 

2. Industries declined and the farmers became bankrupt. 

3. Imposition of taxes on middle class and the exploitation of worker class by the capitalist led to growth of discontent. 

3. Western education : 

1. Western education familiarised the educated Indians with modern values and principles such as liberty, equality and democracy. 

2. They accepted principles like rationalism, humanity and nationalism.

3. They realised that they can carry out work of the country by following them. 

4. Study of Ancient Indian History : 

1. The manuscripts in Sanskrit, Persian and many other languages were examined and research was published. 

2. Many western Scholars started to study Indian culture. 

3. The realisation that India had a rich ancient heritage aroused the feeling of national pride among Indians

5. Role of newspapers : 

1. Newspapers in English and vernacular languages carried articles criticising the policies of the government. 

2. It led to social and political awakening.