1.

Explain the oxidation states of lanthanoids. OR What are different oxidation states exhibited by the lanthanoids?

Answer»

i. All lanthanoids exhibit a common stable oxidation state of +3.

ii. In addition, some lanthanoids show +2 and +4 oxidation states also. 

iii. These are shown by those elements which by doing so attain the stable f0 , f7 or f14 configurations i.e., empty, half-filled and completely filled 4f sub-shells.

eg. Ce and Tb exhibit +4 oxidation states, Eu and Yb exhibit +2 oxidation states, while La, Gd and Lu exhibit only +3 oxidation states.

Note: Oxidation states of Lanthanoids are as shown in following table:

ElementOuter electronic configurationOxidation states
M2+M3M4+
Lanthanum4f0 5d1 6s2-3+-
Cerium4f2 5d0 6s2-3+4+
Praseodymium4f3 5d0 6s2-3+4+
Neodymium4f4 5d0 6s22+3+4+
Promethium4f5 5d0 6s2-3+-
Samarium4f6 5d0 6s22+3+-
Europium4f7 5d0 6s22+3+-
Gadolinium4f7 5d1 6s2-3+-
Terbium4f9 5d0 6s2-3+4+
Dysprosium4f10 5d0 6s2-3+4+
Holmium4f11 5d0 6s2-3+-
Erbium4f12 5d0 6s2-3+-
Thullium4f13 5d0 6s22+3+-
Ytterbium4f14 5d0 6s22+3+-
Lutetium4f14 5d1 6s2-3+-


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