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Explain the structure of water

Answer» I am new to cbse so I don\'t know the form of answer writing..... Do this much lengthy answer is needed??? ????
Structure of Water MoleculeIn water molecule, the oxygen is sp3\xa0hybridized and hence has 4 sp3\xa0hybridized orbitals. Two of these sp3\xa0orbitals are half filled and hence overlap with 1s orbital of hydrogen to form two sp3\xa0-s , O-H , σ bond while the other two contain a lone pair of electrons each.The geometry of water molecule should be tetrahedral and the bond angle ∠HOH should be 109.5° but experimentally it has been determined that the actual bond angle is 104.5°.Reason:In water, the oxygen atom is surrounded by two shared pair ,and two lone pair of electrons. According to valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, lone pair- lone pair repulsion are stronger than Bond pair – Bond pair repulsion. As a result the bond angle in water is slightly smaller than the regular tetrahedral angle of 109.5°.The actual bond angle is 104.5° and each O-H bond has a bond length of 95.7pm.
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In the gaseous state, water exist as discrete molecules. It is a bent molecule with bond angle of 104.5° and bond length of 95.7 pm.The electronegativity of oxygen is much higher than that of hydrogen and hence the shared pair of electrons in O-H bonds are attracted slightly more towards the oxygen atom. As a result oxygen carries a partial negative charge and hydrogen atoms carrier a partial positive charge. Since these two dipoles are inclined to each other at an angle of 104.5° therefore\xa0water is a highly polar molecule\xa0its actual\xa0dipole moment is 1.84 D.


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