Explain the substitution reaction in detail with suitables examples .

1.	Explain the substitution reaction in detail with suitables examples .
Answer» Solution :In this reaction an atom or a group of atoms attached to a carbon atom os replaced by a new atom or a group of atoms . BASED on the NATURE of the attacking reagent , this reactions can be classied as i) NUCLEOPHILIC substitution ii) Electrophilic sunstitions . (iii) Nucelophilic substtions This reaction can be represented as Here Y - is incoming nucleophile or and attacking species and x - is the leaving group . Example : Hydrolysis of alkyl halides ` CH_(3) Br overset (" aqueous OH ") (to) CH_(3) OH + Br ` Aliphatic mucleophilic substitution reaction take place either by ` S_(N) I " or " S_(N) 2 ` mechanism . (ii) Electrophilic substitution : Here Y + is an electrophile Example : Nitration of Benzene (iii) Free radical substitution : ` A - X + Y to A - Y +X ` ` CH_(4) + CL to CH_(3) + HCl ` Aliphatic electrophilic sunstitution A general aliphatice electrophilic sunstitution is represented as ` R - X + E ^(oplus) to R - E + X^(oplus) ` ` R_(2) NH + Noverset (+) O to R_(2) N - NO + H^(+) `

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