For each of the body fluid disturbances A–E, select the most appropr

1.	For each of the body fluid disturbances A–E, select the most appropriate option from the following list of abnormalities. 1. Hyper-osmolality. 2. Hypo-osmolality. 3. Hyponatraemia. 4. Hyperkalaemia. 5. Raised haematocrit. A. Excessive retention of water by the kidneys. B. Excessive loss of plasma and extracellular fluid as a result of severe burns. C. Likely to be present if the blood glucose level is 30 (normal 5–8) mmol/litre. D. Produced by drinking excessive amounts of water. E. Likely to cause swelling of brain cells.
Answer» A. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Excessive retention of water dilutes all the body fluids leading to hypo-osmolality. Water crosses the cell membrane until equilibrium is attained. Inappropriately high levels of antidiuretic hormone could do this. B. Option 5 Raised haematocrit. As fluid is lost, plasma volume declines, so the red blood cells become an increasing proportion of blood volume. C. Option 1 Hyper-osmolality. The high glucose raises the osmolality proportionately, so a rise of 25 mmol/litre in the extracellular glucose level would raise the osmolality from 285 to 310 mosmol/kg, an appreciable rise. This would draw fluid from cells, including brain cells, disturbing function. D. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Drinking excessive amounts of water has the same effect as excessive retention by the kidney. However healthy people promptly excrete the excess fluid. E. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Excess water is drawn into brain cells by osmosis. This also disturbs brain function.

For each of the body fluid disturbances A–E, select the most appropriate option from the following list of abnormalities. 1. Hyper-osmolality. 2. Hypo-osmolality. 3. Hyponatraemia. 4. Hyperkalaemia. 5. Raised haematocrit. A. Excessive retention of water by the kidneys. B. Excessive loss of plasma and extracellular fluid as a result of severe burns. C. Likely to be present if the blood glucose level is 30 (normal 5–8) mmol/litre. D. Produced by drinking excessive amounts of water. E. Likely to cause swelling of brain cells.

Answer»

A. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Excessive retention of water dilutes all the body fluids leading to hypo-osmolality. Water crosses the cell membrane until equilibrium is attained. Inappropriately high levels of antidiuretic hormone could do this.

B. Option 5 Raised haematocrit. As fluid is lost, plasma volume declines, so the red blood cells become an increasing proportion of blood volume.

C. Option 1 Hyper-osmolality. The high glucose raises the osmolality proportionately, so a rise of 25 mmol/litre in the extracellular glucose level would raise the osmolality from 285 to 310 mosmol/kg, an appreciable rise. This would draw fluid from cells, including brain cells, disturbing function.

D. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Drinking excessive amounts of water has the same effect as excessive retention by the kidney. However healthy people promptly excrete the excess fluid.

E. Option 2 Hypo-osmolality. Excess water is drawn into brain cells by osmosis. This also disturbs brain function.

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