Give reasons for the following : (i)Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-directional. (ii) Water molecule has bent structrue whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear. (iii) Ethyne molecule is linear.

Give reasons for the following : (i)Covalent bonds are directional bon

1.	Give reasons for the following : (i)Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-directional. (ii) Water molecule has bent structrue whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear. (iii) Ethyne molecule is linear.
Answer» Solution :(i) In covalent bond, the shared pair of electrons is LOCALIZED between the two atoms and this gives a directional character . In ionic bonds, an ion is surrounededby oppositely charged ions in any direction and the oppositely charged ions are held together by electrostatic forces. Hence, they are non-directional. (ii) In `H_(2)O,""_(8)O= 1s^(2) underbrace(2s^(2) 2p_(x)^(2) 2p_(y)^(1) 2p_(z)^(1)) `O-atom is `sp^(3) ` hybridized . Two hybrid orbitals are half-filled and two are occupied by lone PAIRS of electrons . Half-filled orbitals overlap with half-filled orbitals of H-atoms Hence, it has a bent structure. In`CO_(2), ""_(6)C = 1s^(2) underbrace(2s^(1) 2p_(x)^(1)) 2p_(y)^(1) 2p_(z)^(1)`(excited state ) and `._(8)O = 1s^(2) 2s^(2) 2p_(x)^(2) 2p_(x)^(2)2p_(y)^(1) 2p_(z)^(1)` C is sp hybridized forming two sp hybrid orbitals nad two half-filled 2P orbitals are left umhybridized . The overlappings take place as follows : .