How did the closing of borders affect the life of pastoralists?

1.	How did the closing of borders affect the life of pastoralists?
Answer» (i) They were forced to live within the confines of special reserves. The boundaries of these reserves became the limits within which they could now move. (ii) They were not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. And it was difficult to get permits without trouble and harassment. Those found guilty of disobeying the rules were severely punished. (iii) Pastoralists were also not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. In many regions, they were prohibited from participating in any form of trade. White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage. (iv) Closing of borders adversely affected both their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier, pastoralists not only looked after animal herds but traded in various products. The restrictions under colonial rule did not entirely stop their trading activities.

Answer»

(i) They were forced to live within the confines of special reserves. The boundaries of these reserves became the limits within which they could now move.

(ii) They were not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits. And it was difficult to get permits without trouble and harassment. Those found guilty of disobeying the rules were severely punished.

(iii) Pastoralists were also not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. In many regions, they were prohibited from participating in any form of trade. White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage.

(iv) Closing of borders adversely affected both their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier, pastoralists not only looked after animal herds but traded in various products. The restrictions under colonial rule did not entirely stop their trading activities.

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