(i) There is a need for afforestation on about one crore hectare of encroached land, to ensure ecological balance. This target can be achieved through social forestry. This will not only help in increasing forest cover but also in creating new avenues of employment. Before the implementation of National Forest Policy, the National Agriculture Commission had mooted the idea of social forestry so that forest cover could be increased and supply of fodder, firewood and secondary forest produce could be ensured for villager. Social forestry was accepted as the programme which was for the people, by the people and of the people. 

There are three components of social forestry: 

1. Agro-forestry 

2. Plantation of trees for the community at public places like canals, roads, hospitals, etc. 

3. Plantation of trees at public land by villagers. 

(ii) Watershed management includes combined application of agricultural, forestry and technological practices. A watershed is an area from which water flows out in only one direction. This is a unit of landform, a basin of tributary, which can be ideally utilized for integrated development of a small area. Watershed management involves the concept of all around development, which includes conservation of soil, humidity, flood control, water harvesting, plantation, development of pasture, social forestry, etc. The watersheci management programme is coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, Environment & Forest.