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Values

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Sociology Chapters 3

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Culture

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The values, norms, and MATERIAL goods characteristic of a given group. Like the concept of society, the notion of culture is widely used in sociology and the other social sciences(particularly anthropology). Culture is one of the most distinctive properties of human social association.

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Values

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Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad. What individuals value is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live

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Introductory Sociology

Sociology

Terms in this set (32)

Culture

The values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group. Like the concept of society, the notion of culture is widely used in sociology and the other social sciences(particularly anthropology). Culture is one of the most distinctive properties of human social association.

Values

Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad. What individuals value is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live

Norms

Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations. A norm either prescribes a given type of behavior or forbids it. All human groups follow definite norms, which are always backed by sanctions of one kind or another- varying from informal disapproval to physical punishment.

material goods

The physical objects that a society CREATES, which influence the ways in which people live.

Society

Is a system of interrelationships that connects individuals. Live in common territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having distinct identity from other groups.

Cultural Turn

Sociology's recent emphasis on the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life.

Sociobiology

An approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles.

Instincts

Fixed patterns of behavior that have genetic origins and that appear in all normal animals within a given species.

Subcultures

Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society.

assimilation

The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.

multiculturalism

Ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of ones own culture and thereby misrepresent them.

Cultural relativism

The practice of judging a society by its own standards

Cultural universals

Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures.

Language

The primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society, language is a system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts.

Marriage

Socially approved sexual RELATIONSHIP between two individuals.

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A hypothesis, based on the theories of Sapir and Whorf, that perceptions are relative to language.

Signifier

Any vehicle of meaning and communication

Semiotics

The study of the ways in which non linguistic phenomena can generate meaning-as in the example of a traffic light.

Hunting and gathering societies

Societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants.

Pastoral societies

Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals.

Agrarian socieites

Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing)

Industrialization

The PROCESS of the machine production of goods

Industrialized societies

Strongly developed nation-STATES in which the majority of the population work in factories or offices rather than in agriculture, and most people live in urban areas.

Nation-states

Particular types of states, characteristic of the modern world, in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas

Colonialism

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories.

Developing World

The less developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually non existent or only developed to a limited degree. The majority of the worlds population live in less developed countries.

Third world

A term used during the Cold War to describe developing nations.

First World

The group of nation-states that possess mature industrialized economies base on capitalistic production.

Second World

Before the 1989 democracy movements, this included the industrialized communist societies of Eastern Europe and Soviet Union