Below are the most common causes of injury and illness in the iron and steel industry:

(i) slips, trips and falls on the same level 

(ii) falls from height 

(iii) unguarded machinery 

(iv) falling objects 

(v) engulfment 

(vi) working in confined spaces 

(vii) moving machinery, on-site transport, forklifts and cranes 

(viii) exposure to controlled and uncontrolled energy sources 

(ix) exposure to asbestos 

(x) exposure to mineral wools and fibres 

(xi) inhalable agents (gases, vapours, dusts and fumes) 

(xii) skin contact with chemicals (irritants (acids, alkalis), solvents and sensitizers) 

(xiii) contact with hot metal 

(xiv) fire and explosion 

(xv) extreme temperatures 

(xvi) radiation (non-ionizing, ionizing) 

(xvii) noise and vibration 

(xviii) electrical burns and electric shock 

(xix) manual handling and repetitive work 

(xx) exposure to pathogens (e.g. legionella) 

(xxi) failures due to automation 

(xxii) ergonomics

(xxiii) lack of OSH training 

(xxiv) poor work organization 

(xxv) inadequate accident prevention and inspection 

(xxvi) inadequate emergency first-aid and rescue facilities 

(xxvii) lack of medical facilities and social protection