Passage“The conceptual difficulties in National Income comparisons between underdeveloped and industrialised countries are particularly serious because a part of the national output in various underdeveloped countries is produced without passing through the commercial channels.” In the above statement, the author implies that:(a) the entire national output produced and consumed in industrialized countries passes through commercial channels(b) the existence of a non-commercialized sector in different underdeveloped countries renders the national income comparisons over countries difficult(c) no part of national output should be produced and consumed without passing through commercial channels(d) a part of the national output being produced and consumed without passing through commercial channels is a sign of underdevelopment

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1.	Passage“The conceptual difficulties in National Income comparisons between underdeveloped and industrialised countries are particularly serious because a part of the national output in various underdeveloped countries is produced without passing through the commercial channels.” In the above statement, the author implies that:(a) the entire national output produced and consumed in industrialized countries passes through commercial channels(b) the existence of a non-commercialized sector in different underdeveloped countries renders the national income comparisons over countries difficult(c) no part of national output should be produced and consumed without passing through commercial channels(d) a part of the national output being produced and consumed without passing through commercial channels is a sign of underdevelopment
Answer» (d) According to the author, the national output has to pass through the commercial channels, before consumption, lacking which would lead to loss of income, leading to underdevelopment and economic disparity.

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passageAccountability, or the lack of it, in governance generally, and civil services, in particular, is a major factor underlying the deficiencies in governance and public administration. Designing an effective framework for accountability has been a key element of the reform agenda. A fundamental issue is whether civil services should be accountable to the political executive of the day or to society at large. In other words, how should internal and external accountability be reconciled? Internal accountability is sought to be achieved by internal performance monitoring, official supervision by bodies like the–Central–Vigilance Commission–and– Comptroller and Auditor– General, and judicial review of executive decisions. Articles 311 and 312 of the Indian Constitution provide job security and safeguards to the civil services, especially the All India Services. The framers of the Constitution had envisaged that provision of these safeguards would result in a civil service that is not totally subservient to the political executive but will have the strength to function in larger public interest. The need to balance internal and external accountability is thus built into the Constitution. The issue is where to draw the line. Over the years, the emphasis seems to have tilted in favour of greater internal accountability of the civil services to the political leaders of the day who in turn are expected to be externally accountable to the society at large through the election process. This system for seeking accountability to society has not worked out, and has led to several adverse consequences for governance. bring government and decision making closer to the people also helps to enhance accountability. Some special measures can be considered for improving accountability in civil services. Provisions of articles 311 and 312 should be reviewed and laws and regulations framed to ensure external accountability of civil services. The proposed Civil Services Bill seeks to address some of these requirements. The respective roles of professional civil services and the political executive should be defined so that professional managerial functions and management of civil services are depoliticized. For this purpose, effective statutory civil service boards should be created at the centre and in the states. Decentralization and devolution of authority toAccording to the above passage, which of the following helps/help in reducing hunger and starvation in the developing economies ?1. Balancing demand and supply of food2. Increasing imports of food3. Increasing purchasing power of the poor4. Changing the food consumption patterns and practicesSelect the correct answer using the code given below:(a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
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Which of the following is/are tributary tributaries of Brahmaputra?1. Dibang2. Kameng3. LohitSelect the correct answer using the code given below.(a) 1 only(b) 2 and 3 only(c) 1 and 3 only(d) 1, 2 and 3
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