1.

Public Finance is the combination of two words, i.e., Public + Finance. Public means group of people who are represented by the government and finance means monetary factor. Thus public finance means the financial sources of the government i.e. revenue and expenditures. That portion of economics in which the problems of revenue and expenditure are discussed is called public finance. Thus Public finance is the study of the problems of government institutions concerning central, state, and local governments. Public finance includes revenue of government i.e. tax, interest, profit etc. Public expenditure includes defense, administration, education, health industries, agriculture etc. Public debts are also studied under public finance.The economic activities of the government of the country have also increasd with the passage of time. The area of public finance has also been widened. It studies not only the revenue and expenditure of the government but it also studies all economic activities of the government concerning special economic objectives like full employment, economic development, income and equal distribution of wealth, price stability, etc.(а) What are the main sources of Government Income?(b) State the main objectives of Public Finance.

Answer»

(a) The main sources of income of the government are taxes which are of two types:

  1. Direct taxes
  2. Indirect taxes

1. Direct taxes: Direct tax is that which is paid by the same person on whom tax has been imposed legally. For example income tax, gift tax, corporate tax, wealth tax etc.

2. Indirect taxes: Indirect tax is defined as that form of taxes which are imposed on goods and services. These taxes are imposed indirectly on Public. Examples of indirect taxes are sale tax, excise duty, entertainment tax, export, import duty, GST etc.

(b) Following are the main objectives of Public Finance:

  1. Price Stabilization. Public Finance maintains stability in the prices of goods and services thereby, preventing constant fluctuations and inflation and deflation that tend to destabilize the economy of a country.
  2. Equitable Distribution of Wealth. Public Finance is also concerned with equitable distribution of income and wealth among individuals and various sections of the country. „
  3. Satisfaction of Needs. The satisfaction of collective needs is another main objective of Public Finance.
  4. Allocation of Resources. Public Finance performs the function of allocating resources among public and private sectors.
  5. Provision of full employment. Provision of full employment opportunities to citizens of a country is another aim to public finance.


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