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Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:The end of sumptuary laws did not mean that everyone in European societies could now dress in the same way. The French Revolution had raised the question of equality and ended aristocratic privileges, as well as the laws that maintained those privileges. However, differences between social strata remained.Clearly, the poor could not dress like rich, nor eat the same food. But laws no longer barred people’s right to dress in the way they wished. Differences in earning, rather than sumptuary laws, now defined what the rich and the poor could wear. And different classes developed their own culture of the dress. The notion of what was beautiful or ugly, proper or improper, decent or vulgar, differed.Styles of clothing also emphasised differences between men and women. Women in Victorian England were groomed from childhood to be docile and dutiful, submissive and obedient. The ideal woman was the one who could bear pain and suffering. While men were expected to be serious, strong, independent and aggressive, women were seen as frivolous, delicate, passive and docile.Norms of clothing reflected these ideals. From childhood, girls were tightly laced up and dressed in stays. The effort was to restrict the growth of their bodies, contain them within small moulds. When slightly older, girls had to wear a tight-fitting corset. Tightly laced, small-waisted women were admired as attractive, elegant and graceful. Clothing thus played a part in creating the image of frail, submissive Victorian women.Many women believed in the ideals of womanhood. The ideals were in the air they breathed, the literature they read, the education they had received at school and at home. From childhood, they grew up to believe that having a small waist was a womanly duty. Suffering pain was essential for a woman. To be seen as attractive, to be womanly, they had to wear the corset. The torture and pain this inflicted on the body were to be accepted as normal.But not everyone accepted these values. Over the nineteenth century, ideas changed. By the 1830s, women in England began agitating for democratic rights. As the suffrage movement developed, many began campaigning for dress reform.Women’s magazines described how tight dresses and corsets caused deformities and illness among young girls. Such clothing restricted body growth and hampered blood circulation.Muscles remained underdeveloped and the spines got bent. Doctors reported that many women were regularly complaining of acute weakness, felt languid, and fainted frequently. Corsets then became necessary to hold up the weakened spine.1. What was the main issue raised by the French Revolution?2. How were the women groomed in Victorian England?3. What defined the apparel of the rich and the poor?4. Besides wearing, what else did the styles of clothing emphasize?5. What qualities made one masculine?6. What qualities made one feminine?Find out a word from the passage which means:7. A person/animal that is quiet and easily controlled.8. A person/animal that has a quality of anger and determination.9. A special right or advantage. |
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Answer» 1. The French Revolution raised the main issue of equality. 2. They were groomed from childhood to be docile and dutiful, submissive and obedient. 3. Differences in earning defined the apparel of the rich and the poor. 4. Styles of clothing emphasised differences between men and women. 5. Qualities of being serious, strong, independent and aggressive made one masculine. 6. Qualities of being frivolous, delicate, passive and docile made one feminine. 7. Docile 8. Aggressive 9. Privilege |
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