Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.The Russian doping scandal continues to cast a long shadow over international sport as the 2018 Winter Olympics begin in Pyeong Chang, South Korea, on February9. In December, the International Olympic Committee banned Russia from competing in the Games following investigation into an alleged state-sponsored dopingprogramme at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. The decision to ban Russia came after the IOC’s Disciplinary Commission, headed by former president ofthe Swiss Confederation Samuel Schmid, confirmed “systemic manipulation of the anti-doping rules and system in Russia”. The IOC had stated, however, that cleanRussian athletes would be allowed to compete as neutrals and last month invited 169 of them – each to be known as Olympic Athlete from Russia (OAR) – toparticipate in the Pyeong Chang Games. The announcement did not go down well outside Russia, even though the IOC declared that “more than 80%” of thoseathletes had not competed in Sochi and had been carefully vetted. That the OAR will form one of the largest contingents at the Games, although there will be noplace for the Russian flag and anthem, makes the ‘ban’ seem a bit of a farce. Further, Russian athletes could be allowed to march under their own flag at the closingceremony if they comply with the IOC’s conditions during the Games. There is a sense that the IOC is not able to punish a sporting superpower like Russia.When did the decision come to ban Russia in Winter Olympic Games 2018?1). It was after IOC’s head confirmed systematic manipulation of the anti doping rules and system in Russia in Winter Olympics Games 20142). It was after examining Russia athletics who didn’t qualify the rules for the games to play.3).It was after the Russia which argued special treatment to be given to its players during the games.4). It was when Russia complained of bad weather of South Korea where the games have begun