Struggles for human freedoms have transformed the global world's landscape. At the beginning of the 20th century a scant 10% of the world's people lived in independent nations. By its end the great majority lived in freedom, making their own choices. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 was a breakthrough, ushering in a new era-with the world community taking on realization of human rights as a matter of common concern and a collective goal of humanity The global integration of nations and people has been a second breakthrough—as a global movement has entrenched universal human rights in the norms of the world’s diverse cultures. Over the past half century an international system of human rights has emerged, with a rapid rise in commitments made to it in the past decade. In 1990 only two conventions—the international Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)—had been ratified by more than 100 countries. Today five of the six major human rights covenants and conventions have each been ratified by more than 140 countries. (The exception is the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment). Seven major labour rights conventions have been ratified by 62 countries—nearly a third of the world's countries At the international level, there were two very significant developments in the 1990s. The first was the creation of a system of international justice, with international criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994) for war crimes. The second was the 1998 Rome agreement on the creation of an International Criminal Court. The court, which can establish individual criminal responsibility, complements the existing system to review gross violations of human rights by governments. Advances in human development added to this progress. In developing countries today, compared with 1970: 1. A newborn can expect to live 10 years longer. 2. The infant mortality rate has been cut by more than two-fifths. 3. Adult illiteracy is down by nearly half, and combined net primary and secondary enrolment has increased by nearly 50%. 4. The share of rural people with safe water has risen more than fourfold, from 13% to about 71% Q56. The passage claims that global integration of nations and people has been a breakthrough in the struggle for human freedoms because: 1. The integration entrenches human rights in the norms of diverse culture. 2. The national governments fall in line and start respecting human rights. 3. The process of integration creates a situation conducive to ratification of various human rights covenants by national governments. 4. Global integration fosters an enabling environment in which human rights violators may be brought to justice and punished.